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Delivery robot

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Delivery robot from Starship Technologies on a sidewalk at Oregon State University

A delivery robot is an autonomous robot that provides "last mile" delivery services. An operator may monitor and take control of the robot remotely in certain situations that the robot cannot resolve by itself such as when it is stuck in an obstacle. Delivery robots can be used in different settings such as food delivery, package delivery, hospital delivery, and room service.[1][2]

Applications

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Food delivery

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Kerfuś, a famous delivery robot from Poland

Deployments of food delivery robots were in a small scale prior to the COVID-19 pandemic.[3] By January 2019, there were some deployments on United States college campuses. George Mason University became the first university campus that incorporated on-demand food deliveries by robots as part of its meal plan with 25 robot fleet from Starship Technologies.[4] As the pandemic continued on, demands for food deliveries had increased significantly. This caused the demands for food delivery robots in college campuses to surge as well.[3] Starship and other companies such as Kiwibot deployed hundreds of food delivery robots to several college campuses and some city streets in the United States and United Kingdom. Food delivery service companies also added delivery robots to their platform. For example, Grubhub partnered with Yandex to provide services in colleges, while Uber Eats partnered with Serve Robotics, Motional, and Cartken for robot food delivery in various cities in the United States.[5][6] Also, Yandex uses self-development Yandex Rover [ru] delivery robots for its delivery service «Yandex Eats» and «Yandex Shop [ru]» (Russian: Яндекс Лавка, romanized: Yandeks Lavka) in a number of Russian cities since 2019.[7] Limitations of using food delivery robots includes inability to accommodate special delivery requests such as leaving the food at the door, and inability to navigate difficult terrains. This may require remote operators to help the robots to navigate around obstacles.[3]

Grocery delivery

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Robot delivering groceries.
Daxbot delivering groceries

In April 2018, Starship Technologies launched its groceries delivery service in Milton Keynes, England, in partnership with supermarket chains Co-op and Tesco.[8] By November 2020, said Starship Technologies, Milton Keynes had the "world's largest autonomous robot fleet".[9]

Early 2022 saw the opening of Nourish + Bloom, the first African American-owned autonomous grocery store in the world. The new store processes transactions using computer vision equipment in tandem with artificial intelligence-based voice and gesture technology. Nourish + Bloom offers delivery service using robotic vehicles supplied by Daxbot.[10] That startup, which is based in Philomath, Oregon, and raising investments through a crowdfunding campaign, has developed a unit that can travel up to 10 miles at 4 mph and has a temperature-controlled cargo space.[11]

Package delivery

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Delivery robot of Starship Technologies crossing the Suur-Ameerika street in Tallinn (Spring 2022)

In January 2019, Amazon launched an experimental service to deliver small packages to their Amazon Prime customers using delivery robots called Amazon Scout. The test was done in Seattle region and expanded to Irvine California, Atlanta, and Franklin in Tennessee.[12] In 2021, after testing of package delivery robots had been done in 4 U.S. cities, Amazon created a new development center in Finland to make further advancement in the technology in order for their robots to better handle real-life navigations.[13]

Hospital delivery

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Hospital delivery robot at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center

Delivery robots can perform several tasks in hospital settings to reduce operational costs. The first set of tasks are for food, medical specimens, and medicine deliveries. With multiple sensors, the delivery robots can navigate the interior layout of the hospitals. They also have an electronic signal that can request an elevator ride to be able to work in multi-story buildings. With security concerns, some delivery robots are equipped with code and a biometric fingerprint scan to prevent unauthorized access to the contents inside the robots. As of 2019 there were more than 150 hospitals in the United States and elsewhere that deployed the delivery robots. The second set of tasks is to deliver soiled linen carts and medical waste. These requires heavy duty delivery robots as the weights to carry could be in several hundred pounds (several hundred kilograms).[14][15]

In Israel, Sheba Medical Center uses delivery robots to shuttle chemotherapy drugs prepared by the pharmacy department directly to the nurses to cut down the waiting time.[16]

Room service

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Yolanda, a room service robot at Yotel in Singapore, navigates from lobby to guest room

In late 2014, a room service robot named Relay was introduced by a robotics startup company, Savioke. When hotel staff received an order from a guest, the staff would put items inside Relay and the robot would deliver items to the guest room. By 2016, fleets of Relay robots were deployed at five major hotel chains.[17] In August 2017, M Social hotel in Singapore introduced room service robots named AURA to assist staff in tasks such as delivering bottled water and towels to guest rooms. It was the first such service outside of the United States.[18]

Companies

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Sidewalk robots

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A number of companies are actively using small robots to do the last-mile delivery of small packages such as food and groceries just using the pedestrian areas of the road and travelling at speed comparable with a fast walking pace, companies actively delivering include:

A Sidewalk robot made by Starship delivering food to students at Oregon State University
  • Starship Technologies - by June 2023 had completed over 5 million commercial autonomous deliveries with their fleet of 2,000 autonomous robots. [19]
  • Amazon Scout - as of October 2022, Amazon is no longer testing their robots in the field as the project is being reoriented.[20]
  • Hyundai Motor Group: on December 13, 2022, HMG announced that it had developed a delivery service robot based on electrification and autonomous driving technology.[citation needed]

Drones

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  • Zipline - fixed-wing UAVs delivering medicine and blood supplies via parachute drops; by June 2022 they had made 325,000 deliveries.

Human interaction

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Further information: Robot ethics
A hospital delivery robot in front of elevator doors stating "Robot Has Priority", a situation that may be regarded as reverse discrimination in relation to humans.

Being autonomous, the delivery robots primarily interact with the general public without the assistance of a human operator, in both positive and negative encounters.[21] The delivery robot manufacturer Starship Technologies has reported that people kick their robots.[21] However, the vast majority of human interactions are positive, and many people have anthropomorphized the robots due to their appearance.[22] This has led to encounters where people feel a sense of caring towards the robots, assisting the robots when they are stuck, worrying for the robots on their journeys, or praising or thanking robots for their delivery service.[22]

References

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  1. ^ Srinivas, Sharan; Ramachandiran, Surya; Rajendran, Suchithra (2022). "Autonomous robot-driven deliveries: A review of recent developments and future directions". Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review. 165: 102834. doi:10.1016/j.tre.2022.102834.
  2. ^ Leerkamp, Bert; Soteropoulos, Aggelos; Berger, Martin (2023). "Delivery robots as a solution for the last mile in the city?". AVENUE21. Planning and Policy Considerations for an Age of Automated Mobility. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Vieweg. pp. 107–128. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-67004-0_7. ISBN 978-3-662-67004-0.
  3. ^ a b c Durbin, Dee-Ann (2 November 2021). "Robots hit the streets as demand for food delivery grows". The Associated Press. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  4. ^ Holley, Peter (22 January 2019). "George Mason students have a new dining option: Food delivered by robots". The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  5. ^ Bellon, Tina (16 May 2022). "Uber launches robot food delivery in California". Reuters. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  6. ^ Paris, Martine (16 Dec 2022). "Uber Eats Deploys Sidewalk Delivery Robots In Miami And Robotaxis In Vegas Just In Time For CES". Forbes. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  7. ^ "Заказ везёт «Яндекс.Ровер» — Транспорт на vc.ru". vc.ru. 25 February 2021. Archived from the original on 2023-03-29.
  8. ^ Farrell, Steve (2019-04-01). "Co-op expands robot deliveries to second store". The Grocer. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
  9. ^ "Milton Keynes now has 'world's largest autonomous robot fleet' as Starship expand further". MKFM (Press release). Starship Technologies. May 30, 2020. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
  10. ^ "Inside the first Black-owned autonomous grocery store". NBC News. February 16, 2022. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
  11. ^ Silverstein, Sam (February 3, 2022). "Retail startup opens first frictionless grocery store, eyes 500 more". Grocery Dive. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
  12. ^ Brown, Dalvin (22 July 2020). "Meet Scout: Amazon is taking its Prime Delivery Robots to the South". USA Today. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  13. ^ Shead, Sam (1 July 2021). "Amazon plans to build delivery robot tech in Finland 放屁". CNBC. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  14. ^ Chang, Althea (30 April 2015). "Pricy robots 'Tug' hospital supplies". CNBC. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  15. ^ Weiner, Stacy (12 July 2019). "Robots make the rounds". Association of American Medical Colleges. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  16. ^ Jeffay, Nathan (9 July 2012). "Drug-delivery robots deployed at Israel's largest hospital to cut chemo wait". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  17. ^ Nichols, Greg (14 January 2016). "This room service robot is gaining ground in the world's posh hotels". ZDNet. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  18. ^ Street, Francesca (15 August 2017). "Introducing AURA, the room service robot". CNN. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  19. ^ Mukherjee, Supantha (June 21, 2023). "Estonia's Bolt, Starship in food delivery robot deal". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-07-14.
  20. ^ Vincent, James (2022-10-07). "Amazon stops field tests of its delivery robot Scout". The Verge. Retrieved 2023-07-14.
  21. ^ a b Hamilton, Isobel Asher. "People kicking these food delivery robots is an early insight into how cruel humans could be to robots". Business Insider. Retrieved 2022-11-22.
  22. ^ a b "Why You Want to Pet the Food Delivery Robot". Bon Appétit. 2022-10-14. Retrieved 2022-11-22.
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