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Ilish

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"Hilsa" redirects here. For other uses, see Hilsa (disambiguation).

Ilish
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Clupeiformes
Family: Dorosomatidae
Genus: Tenualosa
Species:
T. ilisha
Binomial name
Tenualosa ilisha
Synonyms
  • Clupanodon ilisha Hamilton, 1822
  • Clupea ilisha (Hamilton, 1822)
  • Hilsa ilisha (Hamilton, 1822)
  • Macrura ilisha (Hamilton, 1822)
  • Tenualosa illisha (Hamilton, 1822)
  • Tenualosa illsha (Hamilton, 1822)
  • Clupea palasah Cuvier, 1829

The ilish (Tenualosa ilisha) (Bengali: ইলিশ, romanized: iliś), also known as the ilishi, hilsa, hilsa herring or hilsa shad, is a species of fish related to the herring, in the family Clupeidae. It is a very popular and sought-after food in the Bengal region, and is the national fish of Bangladesh[3] and state fish of the Indian state of West Bengal.[4]

As of 2023, 97% of the world's total ilish supply originates in Bangladesh.[5] The fish contributes about 12% of the total fish production and about 1.15% of GDP in Bangladesh. On 6 August 2017, Department of Patents, Designs and Trademarks under the Ministry of Industries declared ilish as a Geographical Indication of Bangladesh.[6] About 450,000 people are directly involved in the catching of the fish as a large part of their livelihood; around four to five million people are indirectly involved with the trade.[7]

Common names

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Other names include jatka, illi, ilish, ellis, palla fish, hilsha, ilih etc. (Assamese: ইলীহ/ইলীহি: ilih/ilihi, Bengali: ইলিশ, romanized: iliś, Gujarati: મોદાર/પાલ્વા: Modar or Palva, Odia: ଇଲିଶି, romanized: iliśi, Sindhī: پلو مڇي pallo machhi, Tamil: உள்ள மீன்/Ulla Meen, Telugu: పులస pulasa). The name ilish is also used in India's Assamese, Bengali, and Odia communities. In Iraq it is called sboor (صبور). In Malaysia and Indonesia, it is commonly known as terubok. Due to its distinguished features as being oily and tender, some Malays, especially in northern Johore, call it 'terubok umno' (to distinguish it from the toli - which species is rich in tiny bones and not so oily). [citation needed] In Myanmar, it is called (ငါးသလောက်) in Burmese which derives from the Mon language word ကသလံက် with က in Mon and ငါး in Burmese meaning fish.[8]

Abundance of Ilish in Bangladesh
Abundance of hilsa fish in Bangladesh

Description

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Females of the species grow larger than males, with males individuals not reaching over 46 cm. Females can reach lengths of up to 55 cm. Maturity is generally attained by the end of the first year or the start of the second, with males maturing at sizes of 26–29 cm and females at 31–33 cm.[9]

It has no dorsal spines but 18 – 21 dorsal soft rays and anal soft rays. The belly has 30 to 33 scutes. There is a distinct median notch in the upper jaw. Gill rakers fine and numerous, about 100 to 250 on the lower part of the arch and the fins are hyaline. The fish shows a dark blotch behind gill opening, followed by a series of small spots along the flank in juveniles. While alive, the fish is silver shot with gold and purple.

Habitat and breeding

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Ilish of Bangladesh

The fish is marine; freshwater; brackish; pelagic-neritic; anadromous; depth range of about 200 m. Within a tropical range; 34°N - 5°N, 42°E - 97°E in marine and freshwater. It is found in rivers and estuaries in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Myanmar (also known as Burma) and the Persian Gulf area where it can be found in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in and around Iran and southern Iraq.[10] The fish schools in coastal waters and ascends up the rivers (anadromous) for around 50 – 100 km to spawn during the southwest monsoons (June to September and January to April). Actual peak breeding season of the fish is a topic of debate amongst the researchers.[11]

After spawning, they return to the sea which are known as Jatka in Bangladesh (fish size up to 9 cm), although some stocks remain resident in rivers.[9]

Since the 1900s, numerous efforts have been made to breed and cultivate hilsa across South Asia, especially in India and Bangladesh. However, no significant success has been achieved in completing the fish's life cycle in captivity.[12]

Feeding habit

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The species filter feeds on plankton and forages in muddy bottoms.[13] Its diet primarily consists of Bacillariophyceae (diatoms), Chlorophyceae (green algae), and crustaceans (Copepoda and Cladocera). While adults generally feed on Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae, juveniles primarily depend on crustaceans.[14]

Production

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The fish is found in 11 countries: Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. Bangladesh is the top hilsa-producing country in the world, followed by Myanmar and then India.[5]

Hilsa fishes for sale at fish market in West Bengal, India.

An estimated 97% of the total hilsa catch comes from Bangladesh. Ilish production in the country increased by 92% from 2008 to 2023.[15]

Food value

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Rice and hilsha fish fry with lentils and fried aubergine

The fish is popular food amongst the people of South Asia and in the Middle East, but especially with Bengalis, Odias and Telugus of Coastal Andhra. [citation needed] Bengali fish curry is a popular dish made with mustard oil or seed. The Bengalis popularly call this dish Shorshe Ilish.[citation needed] It is very popular in Bengal (Bangladesh and India's West Bengal), as well as in Odisha, Tripura, Assam, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh.[citation needed] It is also exported globally.[citation needed]

Ilish collected from Bangladesh is regarded the finest of all, celebrated for its size and subtle taste.[16]

In North America (where ilish is not always readily available) other shad fish are sometimes used as an ilish substitute, especially in Bengali cuisine. This typically occurs near the East coast of North America, where fresh shad fish, which tastes similar to ilish, can be found.[citation needed]

In Bangladesh, fish are caught in the Meghna-Jamuna delta,[17] which flows into the Bay of Bengal and Meghna (lower Brahmaputra), and Jamuna rivers.

In India, Rupnarayan (which has the Kolaghater hilsa), Hooghly, Mahanadi,[18] Narmada and Godavari rivers and the Chilika Lake are famous for their fish yields.

In the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, hilsa takes on a special significance. Here, the term "pulasa" refers specifically to the larger, mature hilsa that migrate upstream along the Godavari River. This migratory journey is crucial, as it's believed that the Godavari's unique muddy waters contribute to the development of a richer flavour and firmer texture in the fish, compared to hilsa caught elsewhere. Due to this perceived superior quality and its limited seasonal availability (typically monsoon season), pulasa commands a significantly higher price and cultural importance in Andhra Pradesh. It is considered a rich delicacy, often referred to as the "king of fish" in Godavari Areas and features in celebratory meals and as a prized gift. The upstream migration itself is seen as a vital natural process, and the pulasa a reward for the patient fishermen who wait for its arrival.

In Pakistan, most hilsa fish are caught in the Indus River Delta in Sindh. They are also caught in the sea, but some consider the marine stage of the fish as not so tasty. The fish has very sharp and tough bones, making it problematic to eat for some.[citation needed]

Ilish is an oily fish rich in omega 3 fatty acids.[19] Recent experiments have shown its beneficial effects in decreasing cholesterol level in rats[20] and insulin level.[21]

In Bengal and Odisha, ilish can be smoked, fried, steamed or baked in young plantain leaves, prepared with mustard seed paste, curd, aubergine, different condiments like jira (cumin) and so on. It is said that people can cook ilish in more than 50 ways.[22] Ilish roe is also popular as a side dish. Ilish can be cooked in very little oil since the fish itself is very oily.[23]

Ilish in culture

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Shorshe ilish, a dish of smoked ilish with mustard seeds, has been an important part of Bengali cuisine.
  • Ilish is the national fish of Bangladesh.[3]
  • In Andhra Pradesh, the saying goes "Pustelu ammi ayina Pulasa tinocchu", meaning roughly "It's worth eating Pulasa/Ilish even if you have to sell your mangala sutra.[24] Hilsa is also known as pulasa in Godavari districts of the state. The name Pulasa stays with the fish for a limited period between July–Sept of a year, when floods raise the Godavari River. This time the fish is in high demand and sometimes $100 per kilo.[24][25]
  • In many Bengali Hindu families a pair of ilish fishes (Bengali: Jora Ilish) are bought on auspicious days, for example for special prayers or puja days like for the Hindu Goddess of music, art and knowledge Saraswati Puja, which takes place in the beginning of spring or on the day of Lakshmi Puja (the Goddess of Wealth and Prosperity) which takes place in autumn.[26] Some people offer the fish to the goddess Lakshmi, without which the Puja is sometimes thought to be incomplete. It is often given as gifts (Bengali: tattwa) in Bengali weddings.
Ilish is fried on mustard oil
  • Hilsa is also known in Sindh as Pallo Machi and is important part of Sindhi cuisine, prepared with numerous cooking methods. It can be deep fried and garnished with local spices, can be cooked with onions and potatoes into a traditional fish meal or barbequed. The fish often has roe, which is called "aani" in Sindhi and is enjoyed as a delicacy. Often fried alongside the palla and served with the fish fillets.[27][28][29]
  • The rivalry of East Bengal and Mohon Bagan, two football clubs of Kolkata are celebrated by food. When East Bengal wins, an ilish (hilsha) dish is cooked by the East Bengal supporters. Similarly, when Mohon Bagan wins, a Chingri (Prawn) dish is prepared by the Mohon Bagan supporters.[30] These items often occur in the tifos of these respective clubs.

Overfishing

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Due to the demand and popularity of this species, overfishing is rampant. Fishes weighing around 2 to 3 kilograms have become rare in India, as even the smaller fish are caught using finer fishing nets as production in Bangladesh have increased.[31][32] As a consequence of this, prices of the fish have risen. In the past ilish were not harvested between Vijaya Dashami and Saraswati Puja due to some informal customs of Odia and Bengali Hindus as it is the breeding period of the fish. But as disposable incomes grew, wealthier consumers abandoned the old traditions.[33]

The advent of finer fishing nets and advanced trawling techniques, and environmental degradation of the rivers, has worsened the situation. Fishermen have been ignoring calls to at least leave the juvenile "jatka" alone to repopulate the species. The fishing of the young jatka is now illegal in Bangladesh. This ban however has resulted in a rise in unemployment, as around 83,000 fishermen are unable to pursue their former livelihood for eight months every year. It has also led to the creation of a black market where jatka are sold for exorbitant prices.[34] Furthermore, the changes brought about by global warming have led to a gradual depletion of the ilish's breeding grounds, reducing populations of the fish even further.[35] Pollution in rivers have worsened the situation, but due to slightly better waters the fishes are found more near Bangladesh delta.[32] Owing to this situation ilish is used as a diplomatic trade item, most recently in the distribution of COVID-19 vaccines.[36]

Bangladesh has regularly imposed restrictions on the export of ilish abroad, citing its scarcity. Despite this, former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina periodically lifted the ban to allow the annual export and gifted of 3,000-5,000 tonnes of fish to India during the Durga Puja, popularly known as "Hilsa Diplomacy". Since the fall of the Hasina government, the interim government of Bangladesh has imposed a ban on ilish exports,[37] which was partially lifted on 21 September 2024 to allow for the export of 3,000 tonnes of fish for Durga Puja.[38]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Freyhof, J. (2014). "Tenualosa ilisha". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T166442A1132697. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T166442A1132697.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Al-Khalaf, K.; Alam, S.; Almukhtar, M.; Bishop, J.; Abdulqader, E.; Alghawzi, Q.; Al-Husaini, M.; Hartmann, S.; Kaymaram, F. (2015). "Tenualosa ilisha". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T166442A75259795.
  3. ^ a b Webb, Lois Sinaiko; Roten, Lindsay Grace (2009), The Multicultural Cookbook for Students, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-0-313-37559-0
  4. ^ "State Fishes of India" (PDF). National Fisheries Development Board, Government of India. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  5. ^ a b Chakraborty, Hena; DebRoy, Piyashi; Kunui, Arghya; Nandy, Saurav Kumar; Jana, Chayna; Sahoo, Amiya Kumar; Das, Basanta Kumar (7 February 2024). "Hilsa fisheries in India: a socio-economic analysis of fishers in deltaic Ganga region of river Hooghly". Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. 8. doi:10.3389/fsufs.2024.1310077. ISSN 2571-581X.
  6. ^ "Recognition for hilsa". The Daily Star. 8 August 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  7. ^ Siddique, Abu Bakar. "Country's 6th Ilish sanctuary coming soon". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
  8. ^ Haswell, J. M. (1874). Grammatical Notes and Vocabulary of the Peguan Language. Rangoon: American Mission Press. p. 31.
  9. ^ a b Islam, M. S. (1989). "The life history and fishery of hilsa in Bangladesh and their implication for management". Fishbyte. hdl:20.500.12348/3274.
  10. ^ Al-Dubakel, A. Y. (2011). "Commercial Fishing and Marketing of Hilsa Shad Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton-Buchanon, 1822) in Basrah -Southern Iraq". Emirates Journal of Food Agriculture. 23 (2). Archived from the original on 22 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  11. ^ Abu Rayhan, Md Sayeed; Rahman, Md Shohanur; Bose, Protick Kumar; Sarower, Md Golam; Ali, Muhammad Yousuf (1 September 2023). "Estimating peak breeding season, size at first maturity and variation in fecundity and egg-size at different sizes of Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha)". Heliyon. 9 (9): e19420. Bibcode:2023Heliy...919420A. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19420. ISSN 2405-8440. PMC 10481282. PMID 37681140.
  12. ^ Sahoo, Amiya Kumar; Wahab, Md. Abdul; Phillips, Michael; Rahman, Anisur; Padiyar, Arun; Puvanendran, Velmurugu; Bangera, Rama; Belton, Ben; De, Dilip Kumar; Meena, Dharmendra Kumar; Behera, Bijay Kumar; Sharma, Anil Prakash; Bhaumik, Utpal; Mohanty, Bimal Prasanna; Choudhury, Sampurna Roy (4 April 2016). "Breeding and culture status of Hilsa ( Tenualosa ilisha, Ham. 1822) in South Asia: a review". Reviews in Aquaculture. 10 (1): 96–110. doi:10.1111/raq.12149. ISSN 1753-5123.
  13. ^ "Tenualosa ilisha". FishBase.
  14. ^ Kaisir Mohammad Moinul Hasan; Zoarder Faruque Ahmed; Md Abdul Wahab; Essam Yassin Mohammed. "Food and feeding ecology of hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) in Bangladesh's Meghna River basin" (PDF). International Institute for Environment and Development. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  15. ^ "Hilsa production increased by 92% in 15 years: Fisheries minister". The Business Standard. 11 October 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
  16. ^ "What ilish, a fish, says about India-Bangladesh relations". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  17. ^ "Highway extortion responsible for surge in Ilish prices". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  18. ^ "Bioinformatics Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India". Biosearch.in. 1 February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  19. ^ Mohanty, Bimal; Das, Soma; Bhaumik, Utpal; Sharma, Anil (March 2011). "Tenualosa ilisha: A rich source of omega-3 PUFAs" (PDF). Bulletin (171). Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute. ISSN 0970-616X.
  20. ^ Banerjee I, Saha S, Dutta J (June 1992). "Comparison of the effects of dietary fish oils with different n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid compositions on plasma and liver lipids in rats". Lipids. 27 (6): 425–8. doi:10.1007/BF02536383. PMID 1630277. S2CID 4033041.
  21. ^ Mahmud I, Hossain A, Hossain S, Hannan A, Ali L, Hashimoto M (2004). "Effects of Hilsa ilisa fish oil on the atherogenic lipid profile and glycaemic status of streptozotocin-treated type 1 diabetic rats". Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 31 (1–2): 76–81. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2004.03953.x. PMID 14756688. S2CID 25883400. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013.
  22. ^ "216 easy and tasty hilsa recipes by home cooks". Cookpad. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  23. ^ Karmakar, Rekha (9 September 2015). "A Fish Lover's Guide To Cooking Hilsa". www.indiafoodnetwork.in. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  24. ^ a b "What the fish! Godavari Pulasa selling for Rs 4,000 per kg". The Times of India. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
  25. ^ "Pulasa season starts early". The Times of India. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
  26. ^ "Ilish... a love story". dna. 24 May 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  27. ^ Khan, M. Hussain (2 April 2019). "The palla, the shrine, the catch and the cook". Dawn.
  28. ^ Karmakar, Kalyan (24 April 2018). "10 Reasons to Get Invited to a Sindhi Household for Dinner". NDTV Food.
  29. ^ Sen, Pritha (9 July 2017). "A fishy fable: If it's monsoon, it must rain hilsas". The Indian Express.
  30. ^ Sen, Shomini (7 September 2016). "East Bengal vs Mohun Bagan: The War Between Hilsa and Prawns". News18. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  31. ^ Dasgupta, Reshmi R. (13 August 2012). "Bengalis are loving Ilish to extinction". The Economic Times.
  32. ^ a b "Hilsa Fish: অসুস্থ গঙ্গা থেকে মুখ ফিরিয়ে মায়ানমার পাড়ি দিচ্ছে ইলিশের ঝাঁক". Anandabazar Patrika (in Bengali). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  33. ^ Mazumdar, Jaideep (1 September 2008). "The Last Ilish Curry". Outlook.
  34. ^ Moitra, Kalyan (1 July 2002). "Hilsa may soon become endangered: Experts". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 1 July 2013.
  35. ^ "Bangladesh's Hilsa Fish Acts as Early Warning of Climate Change". Archived from the original on 22 May 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  36. ^ ভ্যাকসিন নেই, তাই ইলিশও নেই! (in Bengali). Deutsche Welle. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  37. ^ "'Fish diplomacy' setback for India and Bangladesh". BBC. 11 September 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  38. ^ "Fishy business caught by fraying India-Bangladesh ties". France 24. 24 September 2024. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
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