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Petit-Clamart attack

Coordinates: 48°46′44″N 2°14′07″E / 48.7790°N 2.235337°E / 48.7790; 2.235337
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(Redirected from Operation Charlotte Corday)

Petit-Clamart attack
Bullet holes embedded in the exterior of de Gaulle's vehicle. Despite being bombarded, nobody was injured in the car.
LocationClamart, Seine, Paris Region, France
Coordinates48°46′44″N 2°14′07″E / 48.7790°N 2.235337°E / 48.7790; 2.235337
Date22 August 1962
TargetCharles de Gaulle
Attack type
Assassination attempt
Deaths0
Injured1 (Panhard driver, caught in crossfire)
PerpetratorsOrganisation armée secrète
No. of participants
18
MotiveAnti-communism and opposition to French recognition of Algerian sovereignty[1]
Verdict
  • 1 participant (Jean Bastien-Thiry) executed by firing squad
  • All other participants eventually released
Convictions
  • 3 participants sentenced to death
  • 10+ participants sentenced to various prison terms

The Petit-Clamart attack, also referred to by its perpetrators as Operation Charlotte Corday after Charlotte Corday, was an assassination attempt organized by Lieutenant-Colonel Jean Bastien-Thiry with the Organisation armée secrète (OAS) that aimed to kill Charles de Gaulle, president of France at the time. The attack was carried out on 22 August 1962.

No one was killed and one person, who was caught in the crossfire, was injured during the attack, which was followed by an intensive investigation led by French authorities. The manhunt ended with almost all participants being caught within a few months. Bastien-Thiry was brought before a military court where he justified his act by claiming that de Gaulle was a tyrant. Bastien-Thiry was sentenced to death and executed by firing squad in the spring of 1963, and remains the last person to be executed by firing squad in France.

Background

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1960

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On 24 January 1960, extremist defenders of the maintenance of French Algeria carried out a siege in the Algerian capital, then the second largest city in France, in what would become the "week of the barricades", expecting the support of Massu. Following statements from Jacques Massu to the newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung of West Germany, Massu was immediately transferred to mainland France. It was the dismissal of the man who had allowed the "Gaullist putsch" of 1958 which served as a trigger in what the media described as "the events in Algiers".[2]

1961

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In February 1961, Lagaillarde and Raoul Salan, who had also gone underground, reached agreement and began the Organisation armée secrète ("Secret Army Organization"), commonly known as OAS.[2][3][4]

In April 1961, following the failure of the generals' putsch—this time aimed at overthrowing de Gaulle, who talked with a delegation of separatists, and replacing his authority with a military junta—the OAS increased its clandestine operations.[3] These actions, the most radical of which involved political assassination and terrorism, were carried out both in the French departments of Algeria and in mainland France, the OAS having a "Metro" branch, by the "Commando Delta".[3]

OAS logo at the time of the attack

1962

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On 20 May 1962 in Italy, Georges Bidault, former Minister of Foreign Affairs under de Gaulle, then during the Indochina War, was elected president of the National Council of the Resistance (Conseil National de la Résistance; CNR) by the executive committee, which included Jacques Soustelle and Colonel Antoine Argoud. Bidault had held the position of president of the council following Jean Moulin in 1943. Several analysts criticize the amalgam practiced by the founders of the council of 1962, an amalgam which suggests a possible equivalence between Algeria and Alsace-Lorraine, as well as an identification of de Gaulle to Adolf Hitler.[5][6][7]

Attack

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Map of Paris and its inner ring départements, with Clamart highlighted in red

On 22 August 1962, at around 7:45 pm (UTC+1), two unmarked Citroën DS 19s escorted by two motorcyclists left the Élysée Palace to take de Gaulle and his wife Yvonne to the Villacoublay Air Base, where they took an airplane to Saint-Dizier to then reach Colombey-les-Deux-Églises by road. De Gaulle was returning from a Council of Ministers. In the first car were Charles and Yvonne DeGaulle, as well as Colonel Alain de Boissieu, son-in-law and aide-de-camp of the president, who was seated next to the driver, Gendarme Francis Marroux. In the second car, led by police brigadier René Casselin, were the police commissioner Henri Puissant, bodyguard Henri Djouder, and military doctor Jean-Denis Degos.[8][9]

Leaving Paris via the Châtillon-Montrouge Station, the procession took Route nationale 306 [fr] and headed towards Vélizy-Villacoublay where the presidential plane was waiting. When he arrived, at 8:20 pm, at the crossroads of rue Charles-Debry, RN 306 and rue du Bois, approximately 300 metres (980 ft) before the Petit Clamart roundabout, the Bastien-Thiry commando was hidden various stopped vehicles, waiting to fire.[10][11]

The commando was composed of twelve members, including Jean Bastien-Thiry, Alain de La Tocnaye, László Varga, Lajos Marton, and Gyula Sári, all of whom were fiercely anti-communist. The rest of the group was made up of Metropolitians and pieds-noirs. The latter intended to avenge the abuses committed against their community, in particular the 1962 Isly massacre, which left 80 dead and 200 injured, as well as the loss of French Algeria. The members commando was equipped with automatic weapons, explosives and four vehicles.[12][8]

Bastien-Thiry was hidden in a Simca 1000 and gave the signal to fire by waving a newspaper. Five men (Buisines, Varga, Sári, Bernier and Marton) were in a yellow Renault Estafette, equipped with machine guns; La Tocnaye was on board a Citroën ID 19, with Georges Watin and Prévost, equipped with submachine guns; the final vehicle was a Peugeot 403 van, from which Condé, Magade and Bertin were hidden from view, also with automatic weapons.[8]

Charles de Gaulle during a motorcade in 1963, the year after the attack

Of the 187 rounds fired by the commando, 14 impacts were identified on the presidential vehicle, including one in the front passenger backrest where de Boissieu was sitting and several at the level of the faces of the de Gaulles. Around the scene of the attack, several stores were riddled with bullet holes. Realizing the failure of the attack, Gérard Buisines tried to ram the presidential car with the Estafette, while Alain de La Tocnaye, beyond the door, tried to shoot at the car with a machine gun.[13][8][14]

Upon arrival at Villacoublay Air Base, the general told those greeting them: "Cette fois c’était tangent" ("This time it was close").[15] To the surprise of the police supervising them, Yvonne de Gaulle uttered "J'espère que les poulets n'ont rien eu" ("I hope the chickens didn't get anything"), and in response de Gaulle whispered to her, sitting next to him on the return plane, "Vous êtes brave Yvonne" ("You are brave, Yvonne").[16][17]

During the attack, a Panhard automobile, traveling on the other side of the road with a couple and their three children, came under fire from the shooters. The driver suffered minor injuries.[18][19]

Investigation

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Manhunt

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An extensive manhunt was launched on the evening of 22 August to find the perpetrators of the attack. The investigation first focused on the yellow Estafette, with several witnesses saying that one of its three occupants was limping. The police thought they recognized engineer Watin, a member of the OAS known as "the Boiteuse", but did not succeed in apprehending him. Two men were arrested by chance at a Tain-l'Hermitage road checkpoint. Among these two men was a deserter who bragged, saying, "I’m from the OAS." Transferred to the Regional Judicial Police Service in Lyon, he admitted to Commissioner Geneston that he was part of the commando. Then, transferred to Paris, he continued his confession, giving Commissioner Bouvier all the names or nicknames of the conspirators that he knew.[20]

After two weeks, around 15 suspects were arrested by the men of Divisional Commissioner Bouvier, while some of them were developing a new operation targeting de Gaulle. The last arrest was that of Bastien-Thiry on 15 September, which was carried out as he left his home in Bourg-la-Reine.[21] Another suspect, OAS commander and retired French Army major Henri Niaux, hanged himself in prison the same day.[22]

Trial

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The trial was held at the Fort of Vincennes. During the first session, nine accused commando members appeared before the Military Court of Justice on 28 January 1963: Jean-Marie Bastien-Thiry defended by Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour, Alain de La Tocnaye, Pascal Bertin, Gérard Buisines, Alphonse Constantin, Étienne Ducasse, Pierre-Henri Magade, Jacques Prévost and László Varga. Six other defendants were tried in absentia; those absent, on the run, were Serge Bernier, Louis de Condé, Gyula Sári, Lajos Marton, Jean-Pierre Naudin, and Georges Watin. The latter had fled to Switzerland where he was arrested in January 1964 and was held in solitary confinement to prevent him escaping from French authorities. False papers were provided to him, and he reached South America with those documents. He died in Paraguay in 1994.[23] All of the accused were charged with attempted intentional homicide by ambush and attack against state authority with the use of weapons.[24]

This Military Court of Justice had been declared illegal by the Conseil d'État on 19 October 1962, on the grounds that it infringed the general principles of law by the absence of any appeal against its decisions. Despite this, de Gaulle extended the existence of the Court for this case. However, this Court, which was to be replaced by another jurisdiction, the State Security Court, was extended by the law of 26 February 1963.[25]

On 4 March, at the end of the investigation against Bastien-Thiry, the Military Court of Justice found him guilty of orchestrating the attack.[26] Tried as separate perpetrators, the shooters were sentenced to various prison terms and benefited from a presidential pardon in 1968. Jean-Marie Bastien-Thiry, Alain de la Tocnaye and Jacques Prévost, defended by Jacques Isorni, were all sentenced to death. Two of the condemned were pardoned; only Bastien-Thiry was executed, shot by a firing squad at Fort Ivry on 11 March 1963. The five absent accused were sentenced in absentia to death sentences or imprisonment and also benefit from a presidential pardon.[26][27]

Bastien-Thiry

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On 2 February 1963, following brief statements by the co-defendants present during the trial, the main accused of the Charlotte Corday operation, Jean-Marie Bastien-Thiry pleaded in a lengthy speech self-defense in defense of himself and his "comrades" and against the "men of power" and in particular against the most powerful of them, the one whom his lawyer and future presidential candidate Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour nicknamed the "Prince".[28]

Constituting the "Bastien-Thiry affair", the declaration, which René Wittmann published in a confidential edition on 20 February 1963 and whose publishing house close to the extreme right, Serp, published a 33-page paper the same year, which began with these words:[28]

The action for which we are answering before you today is of an exceptional nature, and we ask you to believe that only reasons of an equally exceptional nature could have induced us to undertake it. We are neither fascists nor factionalists, but national French, French by origin or French at heart. It is the misfortunes of the homeland that have led us to these benches.

— René Wittmann

The trial inspired works from the 1960s to the present day, whether it be criticism of the death penalty, French public opinion then being predominantly unfavorable, or testimonies, the condemned man's family has since worked for his rehabilitation. through the "Bastien-Thiry circle," or counter-investigations; in Bastien-Thiry: to the end of French Algeria by Jean-Pax Méfret, a senior reporter, asks: "How did a man, endowed with deep Catholic convictions and superior cultural background, could it have come to this?".[29]

In the national press, reactions to the "Bastien-Thiry affair", which led to both the last political execution in France and the last execution by firing squad, were not long in coming. Discussion tended to focus on three points: the virulence of Bastien-Thiry's criticism of de Gaulle's policies regarding Algeria; the fact that the condemned were finally pardoned with the exception of one; and the expeditious nature of the sentence. The day after the execution, in L'Express, journalist Jean Daniel wrote, "In fact, the inhumanity of the sovereign ends up overwhelming even his supporters". In Le Canard enchaîné, Jérôme Gauthier wrote, "It’s shame that tears down walls. A certain justice too, it seems... [...] Lieutenant-Colonel Bastien-Thiry died, I do not say mourned, but pitied by a very large number of French people, even among those the most fiercely hostile to his cause."[29]

Theories

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Mole

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According to authors such as Jean-Pax Méfret and member of the commando Lajos Marton, the conspirators said they had benefited from support within the Élysée from Commissioner Jacques Cantelaube. He had been the sitting controller general of the police and director of security for the president and resigned shortly before the attack. He felt antipathy towards the president due to his conduct of Algerian affairs from 1959. This accomplice would have allowed Bastien-Thiry to know the registration of the presidential vehicle, the structure of the convoy and the routes that would be taken by the convoy, including the one that will be chosen at the last moment as a security measure. According to Jean Lacouture:

"[...] thanks to the information, said the leader of the conspirators, of a "mole" that he had within the Élysée: but the countless speculations made on this subject did not lead to any serious information. It seems that Bastien-Thiry, on this level, bluffed, to panic or divide the general's entourage. In fact, it was based on telephone calls from lookouts placed around the Élysée – notably from a certain "Pierre" – as soon as a trip by the head of state was planned".[27][30]

In 2015, Marton revived the hypothesis of the involvement of the Minister of Finance, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, who, under the code name "B12", would have informed the OAS of de Gaulle's movements.[30]

Objective of the attack

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There is an alternative and controversial thesis that the primary aim of the operation was not to assassinate President Charles de Gaulle in Clamart, but to kidnap him to bring him before the Council tribunal. Tixier-Vignancour used this as an argument to acquit the nine conspirators present during the trial. Subsequently, it was taken up and defended by Agnès de Marnhac in her work; My father, the last of the shot published by Michalon on 7 April 2005. A psychogenealogist and therapist by profession, she also supported a thesis based on psychogenealogy according to which: "by donating his life, my father redeemed the fault of his ancestor the Duke of Massa who had sent sent an innocent man, the Duke of Enghien, to the firing squad." Agnès de Marnhac died on 28 June 2007 following cancer.[31][32] The thesis of the kidnapping was denied in the media in 2005 (including the daily newspaper Present and the talk show program Tout le monde en parole) by the very members of the Petit-Clamart commando including Louis Honorat de Condé, Lajos Marton and Armand Belvisi.[33][34]

Head of the attack

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Marton said that, in 1961, Bastien-Thiry contacted Colonel Antoine Argoud, disgraced since the "week of the barricades", who had been appointed to a "closet" post in Metz, where he spent most of his time preparing the putsch of 1961. Despite sympathizing with Bastien-Thiry, Argoud could not risk of being associated with him or helping him assassinate de Gaulle. He saw Bastien-Thiry again in 1961. Bastien-Thiry subsequently made contact with Jean Bichon, a former resistance fighter and liaison officer between the "Old Staff" and the High Command of the OAS.[35][36][37]

In The Attack: Indicative Echo-Gabriel, Belvisi writes, "I contacted the Monocle so that he could give me the weapons I needed. We were the only ones at Mission III to have a large stock of ammunition. Neither the Old General Staff nor Jean Bichon could help Bastien-Thiry. They had almost nothing left... I hid all of this in my studio... and, on 27 April, with Bernier, I went to try them in the woods".[38]

After the putsch of 1961, General Raoul Salan took charge of the OAS with General Edmond Jouhaud as his deputy. On 25 March 1962, Jouhaud was arrested in Oran; and on 20 April 1962 it was Salan's turn to be arrested in Algiers. On 24 April, General Paul Gardy announced on Oran pirate radio (the only transmitter of the OAS) that he was taking his place at the top of the organization chart, but command was also claimed by Jean-Jacques Susini. In fact, General Gardy only exercised complete control over the OAS of Oran. On 20 May 1962, Georges Bidault, in exile in Munich, founded the Council in Milan with Jacques Soustelle.[39][40]

Vehicle involved

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The replica presidential car that de Gaulle and his wife sat in during the attack, as seen on display in 2012. The original vehicle was too damaged to be repaired.

Two years after the attack, the damaged DS 19 was restored, the bullet holes were erased from the exterior, and the car was sold on 15 October 1964 to General Robert Dupuy, former military commander of the Élysée. He seriously damaged the vehicle a few years later during an accident with his son during the winter of 1971, near Verdun. It is stored in a garage in Lissey, awaiting possible repairs. In 1980, seven years after the death of Dupuy, his family donated the DS in very poor condition to the Charles de Gaulle Institute. Citroën agreed to restore the vehicle free of charge, but it was too damaged.[41]

The replica, presented as the real one, made two trips to China, in 2003 and 2013, during traveling exhibitions on the occasion of the 40th and 50th anniversaries of the recognition of the People's Republic of China by France in 1964.[42]

See also

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References

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ Archived 1 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ a b Jean-Pax Méfret, Bastien-Thiry : Jusqu'au bout de l'Algérie française, Pygmalion, 2003.
  3. ^ a b c Rémy Madoui, J'ai été fellagha, officier et déserteur : biographie du FLN à l'OAS, éditions du Seuil, 2004.
  4. ^ Pierre Montagnon, L'OAS, Les secrets d'une organisation clandestine, chapitre « Les cibles : n'importe où, n'importe quand…, » Historia Thématique, No. 76.
  5. ^ Tandonnet, Maxime (5 August 2022). "10. Algérie française". Biographies (in French): 241–278.
  6. ^ Tabard, Guillaume (19 July 2022). "2. 14 avril 1962 : le renvoi de Debré solde la guerre d'Algérie". Tempus (in French): 69–89.
  7. ^ « Déclaration du colonel Bastien-Thiry, » 2 février 1963, sur le site du Cercle Jean Bastien-Thiry, bastien-thiry.com.
  8. ^ a b c d Jacques Delarue; Odile Rudelle (1990). L'attentat du Petit-Clamart: vers la révision de la Constitution. Les médias et l'événement (in French). Paris: la Documentation française. p. 30. ISBN 978-2-11-002403-9..
  9. ^ Bernard Michal (1970). De Gaulle: 30 ans d'histoire de France. Historama. p. 144..
  10. ^ Le Procès de l'attentat du Petit-Clamart. Ed. Albin Michel. 1963. p. 110..
  11. ^ Bernard Michal (1970). De Gaulle: 30 ans d'histoire de France. Historama. p. 145..
  12. ^ "France Inter – Première radio d'actualité généraliste et culturelle". France Inter (in French). Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  13. ^ La voiture est exposée au musée Charles-de-Gaulle, à Lille.
  14. ^ "Août 1962: De Gaulle visé par l'attentat du Petit-Clamart (VIDEO) | FranceSoir". www.francesoir.fr (in French). Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  15. ^ Soodalter, Ron (18 November 2022). "De Gaulle's Close Call: How France's Ugliest Car Saved its President". historynet.com. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
  16. ^ par Jean Bourquin et (15 August 2005). "La voiture qui sauva de Gaulle". Lexpress.fr. Retrieved 4 October 2024..
  17. ^ "Il y a 50 ans, de Gaulle échappait à l'attentat du Petit-Clamart". La Croix (in French). 19 August 2012. ISSN 0242-6056. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  18. ^ Jacques Delarue; Odile Rudelle (1990). L'Attentat du Petit-Clamart. Documentation française. p. 40..
  19. ^ Max Gallo, De Gaulle, tome IV, La Statue du commandeur, éd. Robert Laffont, Paris, 1998 ISBN 2-266-09305-3 ; rééd. Pocket, Paris, 2006, 29.
  20. ^ Jacques Delarue, Odile Rudelle (1990). L'Attentat du Petit-Clamart: vers la révision de la Constitution. Documentation française. p. 35..
  21. ^ Paul Barril (2000). L'enquête explosive. Flammarion. p. 245..
  22. ^ "Southwest Times 16 September 1962 — Virginia Chronicle: Digital Newspaper Archive". virginiachronicle.com. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  23. ^ Octavi Marti, « El hombre que quiso matar a De Gaulle », elpais.com, 22 février 1994.
  24. ^ Jacques Delarue; Odile Rudelle (1990). L'Attentat du Petit-Clamart: vers la révision de la Constitution. Documentation française. p. 48..
  25. ^ Arrêt Canal, Robin et Godot du Conseil d'État du 19 octobre 1962.
  26. ^ a b Moncef El Materi (2014). De Saint-Cyr au peloton d'exécution de Bourguiba. Al Manhal. p. 161..
  27. ^ a b Lajos Marton, Il faut tuer de Gaulle, éditions du Rocher, 2002.
  28. ^ a b Enregistrement sonore.
  29. ^ a b « La peine de mort en France – Rapport du Sénat sur l'abolition de la peine de mort – Troisième partie : le débat sur la peine capitale – III. – Les termes du débat dans la France d'aujourd'hui – 1. L'opinion publique », sur le site peinedemort.org, consulté le 7 mai 2010.
  30. ^ a b "Attentat du Petit-Clamart : un ex-membre du commando accuse VGE". BFMTV. Retrieved 4 October 2024..
  31. ^ "Pourquoi Bastien-Thiry a voulu tuer De Gaulle". armand-belvisi.com. 8 November 2004. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 – via Wayback Machine.
  32. ^ "Agnès Bastien-Thiry nous a quitté". secoursdefrance.com. 5 July 2007. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008 – via Wayback Machine.
  33. ^ ENLEVER OU TUER DE GAULLE sur le site officiel d'Armand Belvisi, voyez les différentes coupures de presse.
  34. ^ Ils voulaient tuer de Gaule – L'attentat du Petit-Clamart: un complot contre la République !, réalisé par Jean-Teddy Filippe, écrit par Georges-Marc Benamou et Bruno Dega, TF1 Vidéo, 2005.
  35. ^ Agnès Bastien Thiry à propos de son livre, Tout le monde en parle – 16 April 2005.
  36. ^ "Un attentat Petit-Clamart, 22 août 1962". La Cliothèque (in French). 2 January 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  37. ^ Lajos Marton dans le quotidien Présent des mercredi 14 et 21 septembre 2005, propos recueillis par Catherine Robinson.
  38. ^ Armand Belvisi, L' Attentat: indicatif Écho-Gabriel, Publibook, 1972, 159.
  39. ^ "L'ex-général Gardy se présente comme le successeur de Salan" (in French). 24 April 1962. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  40. ^ ?id=14630 Historia Thématique: OAS, les secrets d'une organisation clandestine, Chapitre : Combien de divisions... internes ?, page 29, Guy Pervillé (professeur à l'université de Toulouse-Le Mirail), mars-avril 2002.
  41. ^ "Attentat du Petit-Clamart : l'histoire de la fausse Citroën DS du général de Gaulle, exposée au Mémorial de Colombey-les-Deux-Eglises". Politique.net (in French). Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  42. ^ AFP (18 December 2013). "Citroën : la DS 19 de l'attentat du Petit-Clamart part pour la Chine". Le Point. Retrieved 15 November 2020..

Bibliography and further reading

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  • France. Military Court of Justice, The Trial of the Petit Clamart Attack: [before the Military Court of Justice, 28 January – 4 March 1963], stenographic report. Paris: Albin Michel, 1963, 2 vols. (1019-IV p.). (Collection of major contemporary trials).
  • Joan-Daniel Bezsonoff, The Year of Syracuse, Balzac editions, 2016, translated from Catalan
  • Alain de La Tocnaye, Comment je n'ai pas tué de Gaulle, éd. Nalis, 1969
  • Frederick Forsyth a tiré de cette histoire un roman paru en 1971, The Day of the Jackal (Chacal), Paris, éditions Tallandier, 400 p., adapté au cinéma en 1973 (Chacal).
  • Jacques Delarue, L'OAS contre de Gaulle, 1981
  • Alain de Boissieu, Pour servir le Général, 1982.
  • Jean Lacouture, Charles de Gaulle – The sovereign 1959–1970, III, éd. du Seuil, 1986 ISBN 2-02-009393-6.
  • Georges Fleury, Kill de Gaulle! History of the Petit Clamart attack, 1996.
  • Lajos Marton, We must kill de Gaulle, 2002.
  • Jean-Pax Méfret, Bastien-Thiry: Until the end of French Algeria, 2003.
  • Gastón Segura Valero, A la sombra de Franco, El refugio de los activistas franceses de la OAS (In the shadow of Franco, The refuge of the French activists of the OAS), Edition B, 2004, ISBN 8466614427
  • Agnès Bastien-Thiry, Mon père, le dernier des fusillés, 2005
  • Roland Charles Wagner made an uchronia in which the de Gaulle dies during the attack.
  • Abbé Olivier Rioult, Bastien-Thiry, De Gaulle and tyrannicide, ed. des Cimes, Paris, 2013 ISBN 979-10-91058-05-6.
  • Jean-Noël Jeanneney, An attack. Petit-Clamart, 22 August 1962, Seuil, 2016.
  • Simon Treins (scénario), Munch (dessins), (couleurs Scarlett), "Tuez de Gaulle !", Delcourt, coll. Histoire & histoires.

Videography

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Audio recordings

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