List of United States representatives from California
Appearance
(Redirected from United States House of Representatives elections in California)
This is a list of members of the United States House of Representatives from the state of California.
For chronological tables of members of both houses of the United States Congress from the state, see United States congressional delegations from California.
Current members
[edit]As of December 8, 2024, California is represented by the following elected officials, 39 Democrats, 12 Republicans, and 1 vacancy.[1]
- 1st district: Doug LaMalfa (R), since 2013
- 2nd district: Jared Huffman (D), since 2013
- 3rd district: Kevin Kiley (R), since 2023
- 4th district: Mike Thompson (D), since 1999
- 5th district: Tom McClintock (R), since 2009
- 6th district: Ami Bera (D), since 2013
- 7th district: Doris Matsui (D), since 2005
- 8th district: John Garamendi (D), since 2009
- 9th district: Josh Harder (D), since 2019
- 10th district: Mark DeSaulnier (D), since 2015
- 11th district: Nancy Pelosi (D), since 1987
- 12th district: Barbara Lee (D), since 1998
- 13th district: John Duarte (R), since 2023
- 14th district: Eric Swalwell (D), since 2013
- 15th district: Kevin Mullin (D), since 2023
- 16th district: Anna Eshoo (D), since 1993
- 17th district: Ro Khanna (D), since 2017
- 18th district: Zoe Lofgren (D), since 1995
- 19th district: Jimmy Panetta (D), since 2017
- 20th district: Vince Fong (R), since 2024
- 21st district: Jim Costa (D), since 2005
- 22nd district: David Valadao (R), since 2021
- 23rd district: Jay Obernolte (R), since 2021
- 24th district: Salud Carbajal (D), since 2017
- 25th district: Raul Ruiz (D), since 2013
- 26th district: Julia Brownley (D), since 2013
- 27th district: Mike Garcia (R), since 2020
- 28th district: Judy Chu (D), since 2009
- 29th district: Tony Cárdenas (D), since 2013
- 30th district: Vacant, since 2024
- 31st district: Grace Napolitano (D), since 1999
- 32nd district: Brad Sherman (D), since 1997
- 33rd district: Pete Aguilar (D), since 2015
- 34th district: Jimmy Gomez (D), since 2017
- 35th district: Norma Torres (D), since 2015
- 36th district: Ted Lieu (D), since 2015
- 37th district: Sydney Kamlager (D), since 2023
- 38th district: Linda Sánchez (D), since 2003
- 39th district: Mark Takano (D), since 2013
- 40th district: Young Kim (R), since 2021
- 41st district: Ken Calvert (R), since 1993
- 42nd district: Robert Garcia (D), since 2023
- 43rd district: Maxine Waters (D), since 1991
- 44th district: Nanette Barragán (D), since 2017
- 45th district: Michelle Steel (R), since 2021
- 46th district: Lou Correa (D), since 2017
- 47th district: Katie Porter (D), since 2019
- 48th district: Darrell Issa (R), since 2021
- 49th district: Mike Levin (D), since 2019
- 50th district: Scott Peters (D), since 2013
- 51st district: Sara Jacobs (D), since 2021
- 52nd district: Juan Vargas (D), since 2013
List of members representing California
[edit]Representative | Party | District | Years | District home | Electoral history |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pete Aguilar | Democratic | 31st | January 3, 2015 – January 3, 2023 |
San Bernardino | Elected in 2014. Incumbent. |
33rd | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
John J. Allen Jr. | Republican | 7th | January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1959 |
Oakland | Elected in 1946. [data missing] |
Glenn M. Anderson | Democratic | 17th | January 3, 1969 – January 3, 1973 |
Hawthorne | Elected in 1968. [data missing] |
35th | January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975 | ||||
32nd | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1993 | ||||
Jack Z. Anderson | Republican | 8th | January 3, 1939 – January 3, 1953 |
San Juan Bautista | Elected in 1938. [data missing] |
Samuel Beach Axtell | Democratic | 1st | March 4, 1867 – March 3, 1871 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1867. [data missing] |
Joe Baca | Democratic | 42nd | November 16, 1999 – January 3, 2003 |
Rialto | Elected to finish George Brown Jr.'s term. [data missing] |
43rd | January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 | ||||
Robert Badham | Republican | 40th | January 3, 1977 – January 3, 1989 |
Newport Beach | Elected in 1976. [data missing] |
William P. Baker | Republican | 10th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1997 |
Danville | Elected in 1992. [data missing] |
John F. Baldwin Jr. | Republican | 6th | January 3, 1955 – January 3, 1963 |
Martinez | Elected in 1954. Died. |
14th | January 3, 1963 – March 9, 1966 | ||||
Henry E. Barbour | Republican | 7th | March 4, 1919 – March 3, 1933 |
Fresno | Elected in 1918. [data missing] |
John All Barham | Republican | 1st | March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1901 |
Santa Rosa | Elected in 1894. [data missing] |
Charles A. Barlow | Populist | 6th | March 4, 1897 – March 3, 1899 |
San Luis Obispo | Elected in 1896. [data missing] |
Nanette Barragán | Democratic | 44th | January 3, 2017 – present |
Hermosa Beach | Elected in 2016. Incumbent. |
Karen Bass | Democratic | 33rd | January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2013 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 2010. Resigned to become Mayor of Los Angeles. |
37th | January 3, 2013 – December 9, 2022 | ||||
Jim Bates | Democratic | 44th | January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1991 |
San Diego | Elected in 1982. [data missing] |
Xavier Becerra | Democratic | 30th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 |
Los Angeles | Resigned to become California Attorney General. |
31st | January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 | ||||
34th | January 3, 2013 – January 24, 2017 | ||||
Anthony C. Beilenson | Democratic | 23rd | January 3, 1977 – January 3, 1993 |
Beverly Hills | Elected in 1976. [data missing] |
24th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1997 | ||||
Alphonzo E. Bell Jr. | Republican | 16th | January 3, 1961 – January 3, 1963 |
Beverly Hills | Elected in 1960. [data missing] |
28th | January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1975 | ||||
27th | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1977 | ||||
Charles W. Bell | Progressive Republican | 9th | March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1915 |
Pasadena | Elected in 1912. [data missing] |
Theodore A. Bell | Democratic | 2nd | March 4, 1903 – March 3, 1905 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1902. [data missing] |
Henry S. Benedict | Republican | 10th | November 7, 1916 – March 3, 1917 |
Los Angeles | Elected to finish William Stephens's term. Nominated by Progressive Party in 1916, but withdrew. |
Ami Bera | Democratic | 7th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2023 |
Elk Grove | Elected in 2012. Incumbent. |
6th | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
Howard Berman | Democratic | 26th | January 3, 1983 – January 3, 2003 |
North Hollywood | Elected in 1982. [data missing] |
28th | January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 | ||||
Campbell Polson Berry | Democratic | 3rd | March 4, 1879 – March 3, 1883 |
Wheatland | Elected in 1879. [data missing] |
John Bidwell | Republican | 3rd | March 4, 1865 – March 3, 1867 |
Chico | Elected in 1864. [data missing] |
Marion Biggs | Democratic | 2nd | March 4, 1887 – March 3, 1891 |
Gridley | Elected in 1886. [data missing] |
Brian Bilbray | Republican | 49th | January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2001 |
Rancho Santa Fe | Elected in 1994. [data missing] |
50th | June 13, 2006 – January 3, 2013 |
Elected to finish Duke Cunningham's term. [data missing] | |||
Sonny Bono | Republican | 44th | January 3, 1995 – January 5, 1998 |
Palm Springs | Elected in 1994. Died. |
Mary Bono Mack | Republican | 44th | April 7, 1998 – January 3, 2003 |
Palm Springs | Elected to finish the term of her husband, Sonny Bono. [data missing] |
45th | January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 | ||||
Douglas H. Bosco | Democratic | 1st | January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1991 |
San Rafael | Elected in 1982. [data missing] |
William W. Bowers | Republican | 6th | March 4, 1891 – March 3, 1893 |
San Diego | Elected in 1890. [data missing] |
7th | March 4, 1893 – March 3, 1897 | ||||
Barbara Boxer | Democratic | 6th | January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1993 |
Greenbrae | Elected in 1982. Retired to run for U.S. Senator. |
Willis W. Bradley | Republican | 18th | January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1949 |
Long Beach | Elected in 1946. [data missing] |
Ernest K. Bramblett | Republican | 11th | January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1953 |
Pacific Grove | Elected in 1946. [data missing] |
13th | January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1955 | ||||
George Brown Jr. | Democratic | 29th | January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1971 |
Monterey Park | Elected in 1962. Retired to run for U.S. Senator. |
38th | January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975 |
Elected in 1972. Died. | |||
36th | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1993 | ||||
42nd | January 3, 1993 – July 15, 1999 | ||||
Julia Brownley | Democratic | 26th | January 3, 2013 – present |
Westlake Village | Elected in 2012. Incumbent. |
Frank H. Buck | Democratic | 3rd | March 4, 1933 – September 17, 1942 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1932. Died. |
James Budd | Democratic | 2nd | March 4, 1883 – March 3, 1885 |
Stockton | Elected in 1882. [data missing] |
John Chilton Burch | Democratic | At-large | March 4, 1859 – March 3, 1861 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1859. [data missing] |
Clair Burgener | Republican | 42nd | January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975 |
San Diego | Elected in 1972. [data missing] |
43rd | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1983 | ||||
John H. Burke | Democratic | 18th | March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1935 |
Long Beach | Elected in 1932. [data missing] |
Yvonne Brathwaite Burke | Democratic | 37th | January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975 |
Los Angeles | Retired to run for California Attorney General. |
28th | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1979 | ||||
Everett G. Burkhalter | Democratic | 27th | January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1965 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1962. [data missing] |
George Burnham | Republican | 20th | March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1937 |
San Diego | Elected in 1932. [data missing] |
John Burton | Democratic | 6th | June 4, 1974 – January 3, 1975 |
San Francisco | Elected to finish William S. Mailliard's term. [data missing] |
5th | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1983 | ||||
Phillip Burton | Democratic | 5th | February 18, 1964 – January 3, 1975 |
San Francisco | Elected to finish John Shelley's term. Died. |
6th | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1983 | ||||
5th | January 3, 1983 – April 10, 1983 | ||||
Sala Burton | Democratic | 5th | June 21, 1983 – February 1, 1987 |
San Francisco | Elected to finish the term of her husband, Phillip Burton. Died. |
Ken Calvert | Republican | 43rd | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 |
Corona | Elected in 1992. Incumbent. |
44th | January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 | ||||
42nd | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2023 | ||||
41st | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
Ronald B. Cameron | Democratic | 25th | January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1967 |
Whittier | Elected in 1962. [data missing] |
Anthony Caminetti | Democratic | 2nd | March 4, 1891 – March 3, 1895 |
Jackson | Elected in 1890. [data missing] |
John B. T. Campbell III | Republican | 48th | December 7, 2005 – January 3, 2013 |
Newport Beach | Elected to finish Christopher Cox's term. Retired. |
45th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2015 | ||||
Tom Campbell | Republican | 12th | January 3, 1989 – January 3, 1993 |
Campbell | Elected in 1988. [data missing] |
15th | January 12, 1995 – January 3, 2001 |
Elected to finish the Norm Mineta's term. Retired to run for U.S. Senator. | |||
Marion Cannon | Populist | 6th | March 4, 1893 – March 3, 1895 |
Ventura | Elected in 1892. [data missing] |
Lois Capps | Democratic | 22nd | March 17, 1998 – January 3, 2003 |
Santa Barbara | Elected to finish the term of her husband, Walter Capps. [data missing] |
23rd | January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 | ||||
24th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2017 | ||||
Walter Capps | Democratic | 22nd | January 3, 1997 – October 28, 1997 |
Santa Barbara | Elected in 1996. Died. |
Salud Carbajal | Democratic | 24th | January 3, 2017 – present |
Santa Barbara | Elected in 2016. Incumbent. |
Tony Cardenas | Democratic | 29th | January 3, 2013 – present |
Pacoima | Elected in 2012. Incumbent. |
Dennis Cardoza | Democratic | 18th | January 3, 2003 – August 14, 2012 |
Atwater | Elected in 2002. Resigned. |
Albert E. Carter | Republican | 6th | March 4, 1925 – January 3, 1945 |
Oakland | Elected in 1924. [data missing] |
Curtis H. Castle | Populist | 7th | March 4, 1897 – March 3, 1899 |
Merced | Elected in 1896. [data missing] |
Eugene A. Chappie | Republican | 1st | January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1983 |
Chico | Elected in 1980. [data missing] |
2nd | January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1987 | ||||
Judy Chu | Democratic | 32nd | July 14, 2009 – January 3, 2013 |
Monterey Park | Elected to finish Hilda Solis's term. Incumbent. |
27th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2023 | ||||
28th | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
Denver S. Church | Democratic | 7th | March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1919 |
Fresno | Elected in 1912. [data missing] |
9th | March 4, 1933 – March 3, 1935 | ||||
Gil Cisneros | Democratic | 39th | January 3, 2019 – January 3, 2021 |
Yorba Linda | Elected in 2018. Lost re-election. |
Donald H. Clausen | Republican | 1st | January 22, 1963 – January 3, 1975 |
Crescent City | Elected to finish Clement W. Miller's term. [data missing] |
2nd | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1983 | ||||
Del M. Clawson | Republican | 23rd | January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1975 |
Compton | Retired and then resigned early. |
33rd | January 3, 1975 – December 31, 1978 | ||||
Charles Clayton | Republican | 1st | March 4, 1873 – March 3, 1875 |
Santa Clara | Elected in 1872. [data missing] |
Thomas J. Clunie | Democratic | 5th | March 4, 1889 – March 3, 1891 |
Sacramento | Elected in 1888. [data missing] |
Tony Coelho | Democratic | 15th | January 3, 1979 – June 15, 1989 |
Dos Palos | Elected in 1978. Resigned. |
John M. Coghlan | Republican | 3rd | March 4, 1871 – March 3, 1873 |
Suisun City | Elected in 1871. [data missing] |
Jeffery Cohelan | Democratic | 7th | January 3, 1959 – January 3, 1971 |
Berkeley | Elected in 1958. Lost renomination. |
Charles J. Colden | Democratic | 17th | January 3, 1933 – April 15, 1938 |
San Pedro | Elected in 1932. Died. |
Cornelius Cole | Union Republican | At-large | March 4, 1863 – March 3, 1865 |
Santa Cruz | Elected in 1863. [data missing] |
Sam L. Collins | Republican | 19th | March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1937 |
Fullerton | Elected in 1932. Lost renomination to Harry R. Sheppard. |
Gary Condit | Democratic | 15th | January 3, 1989 – January 3, 1993 |
Ceres | Lost renomination to Dennis Cardoza. |
18th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 | ||||
Robert Condon | Democratic | 6th | January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1955 |
Martinez | Elected in 1952. [data missing] |
Connie Conway | Republican | 22nd | June 7, 2022 – January 3, 2023 |
Tulare | Elected to finish Devin Nunes's term. Retired. |
Paul Cook | Republican | 8th | January 3, 2013 – December 7, 2020 |
Apple Valley | Elected in 2012. Resigned after being elected a member of the San Bernardino County Supervisors. |
Frank Coombs | Republican | 1st | March 4, 1901 – March 3, 1903 |
Napa | Elected in 1900. [data missing] |
James C. Corman | Democratic | 22nd | January 3, 1961 – January 3, 1975 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1960. [data missing] |
21st | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1981 | ||||
Lou Correa | Democratic | 46th | January 3, 2017 – present |
Santa Ana | Elected in 2016. Incumbent. |
Jim Costa | Democratic | 20th | January 3, 2005 – January 3, 2013 |
Fresno | Elected in 2004. Incumbent. |
16th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2023 | ||||
21st | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
John M. Costello | Democratic | 15th | January 3, 1935 – January 3, 1945 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1934. Lost renomination. |
Christopher Cox | Republican | 40th | January 3, 1989 – January 3, 1993 |
Newport Beach | Elected in 1988. Resigned to become Chair of the Securities and Exchange Commission. |
47th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 | ||||
48th | January 3, 2003 – August 2, 2005 | ||||
TJ Cox | Democratic | 21st | January 3, 2019 – January 3, 2021 |
Fresno | Elected in 2018. Lost re-election. |
Joe Crail | Republican | 10th | March 4, 1927 – March 3, 1933 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1926. [data missing] |
Duke Cunningham | Republican | 44th | January 3, 1991 – January 3, 1993 |
Del Mar | Elected in 1990. Resigned after criminal guilty plea. |
51st | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 | ||||
50th | January 3, 2003 – December 1, 2005 | ||||
Charles F. Curry | Republican | 3rd | March 4, 1913 – October 1, 1930 |
Sacramento | Elected in 1912. Died. |
Charles F. Curry Jr. | Republican | 3rd | March 4, 1931 – March 3, 1933 |
Sacramento | Elected in 1930. [data missing] |
John T. Cutting | Republican | 4th | March 4, 1891 – March 3, 1893 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1890. [data missing] |
Milton J. Daniels | Republican | 8th | March 4, 1903 – March 3, 1905 |
Riverside | Elected in 1902. [data missing] |
George E. Danielson | Democratic | 29th | January 3, 1971 – January 3, 1975 |
Los Angeles | Retired to serve on California Courts of Appeal. |
30th | January 3, 1975 – March 9, 1982 | ||||
William E. Dannemeyer | Republican | 39th | January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1993 |
Fullerton | Elected in 1978. [data missing] |
Horace Davis | Republican | 1st | March 4, 1877 – March 3, 1881 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1876. [data missing] |
Susan Davis | Democratic | 49th | January 3, 2001 – January 3, 2003 |
San Diego | Elected in 2000. Retired. |
53rd | January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2021 | ||||
John J. De Haven | Republican | 1st | March 4, 1889 – October 1, 1890 |
Eureka | Elected in 1888. Resigned to serve on Supreme Court of California. |
Marion De Vries | Democratic | 2nd | March 4, 1897 – June 9, 1900 |
Stockton | Elected in 1896. Resigned to serve on Board of General Appraisers. |
Ron Dellums | Democratic | 7th | January 3, 1971 – January 3, 1975 |
Oakland | Elected in 1970. Resigned. |
8th | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1993 | ||||
9th | January 3, 1993 – February 6, 1998 | ||||
Jeff Denham | Republican | 19th | January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2013 |
Merced | Elected in 2010. |
10th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2019 | ||||
James W. Denver | Democratic | At-large | March 4, 1855 – March 3, 1857 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1854. [data missing] |
Mark DeSaulnier | Democratic | 11th | January 3, 2015 – January 3, 2023 |
Concord | Elected in 2014. Incumbent. |
10th | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
Julian C. Dixon | Democratic | 28th | January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1993 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1978. Died. |
32nd | January 3, 1993 – December 8, 2000 | ||||
John F. Dockweiler | Democratic | 16th | March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1939 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1932. Retired to run for governor. |
Calvin M. Dooley | Democratic | 17th | January 3, 1991 – January 3, 1993 |
Hanford | Elected in 1990. [data missing] |
20th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2005 | ||||
John Doolittle | Republican | 14th | January 3, 1991 – January 3, 1993 |
Roseville | Elected in 1990. [data missing] |
4th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2009 | ||||
Bob Dornan | Republican | 27th | January 3, 1977 – January 3, 1983 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1976. [data missing] |
38th | January 3, 1985 – January 3, 1993 |
Garden Grove | |||
46th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1997 | ||||
Helen Gahagan | Democratic | 14th | January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1951 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1944. Retired to run for U.S. Senator. |
Clyde Doyle | Democratic | 18th | January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1947 |
Long Beach | Elected in 1944. Died. |
January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1953 | |||||
23rd | January 3, 1953 – March 14, 1963 | ||||
David Dreier | Republican | 35th | January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1983 |
San Dimas | Elected in 1980. [data missing] |
33rd | January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1993 | ||||
28th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 | ||||
26th | January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 | ||||
John Duarte | Republican | 13th | January 3, 2023 – present |
Hughson | Elected in 2022. Incumbent. |
Kenneth W. Dyal | Democratic | 33rd | January 3, 1965 – January 3, 1967 |
San Bernardino | Elected in 1964. [data missing] |
Mervyn M. Dymally | Democratic | 31st | January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1993 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1980. [data missing] |
Thomas M. Eaton | Republican | 18th | January 3, 1939 – September 16, 1939 |
Long Beach | Elected in 1938. Died. |
Don Edwards | Democratic | 9th | January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1975 |
San Jose | Elected in 1962. [data missing] |
10th | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1993 | ||||
16th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1995 | ||||
Alfred J. Elliott | Democratic | 10th | May 4, 1937 – January 3, 1949 |
Tulare | Elected to finish Henry E. Stubbs's term. [data missing] |
John A. Elston | Progressive | 6th | March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1915 |
Berkeley | Elected in 1912. Died. |
Republican | March 4, 1915 – December 15, 1921 | ||||
Ralph R. Eltse | Republican | 7th | March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1935 |
Berkeley | Elected in 1932. [data missing] |
Clair Engle | Democratic | 2nd | August 31, 1943 – January 3, 1959 |
Corning | Elected to finish Harry Lane Englebright's term. Retired to run for U.S. Senator. |
William F. Englebright | Republican | 1st | November 6, 1906 – March 3, 1911 |
Nevada City | Elected to finish James Gillett's term. [data missing] |
Harry Lane Englebright | Republican | 2nd | August 31, 1926 – May 13, 1943 |
Nevada City | Elected to finish John E. Raker's term. Died. |
Warren B. English | Democratic | 3rd | April 4, 1894 – March 3, 1895 |
Oakland | Successfully contested Samuel G. Hilborn's election. [data missing] |
Anna Eshoo | Democratic | 14th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2013 |
Atherton | Elected in 1992. Incumbent. |
18th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2023 | ||||
16th | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
William E. Evans | Republican | 9th | March 4, 1927 – January 3, 1933 |
Glendale | Elected in 1926. [data missing] |
11th | March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1935 | ||||
Sam Farr | Democratic | 17th | June 8, 1993 – January 3, 2013 |
Carmel | Elected to finish Leon Panetta's term. [data missing] |
20th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2017 | ||||
Victor H. Fazio | Democratic | 4th | January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1993 |
Sacramento | Elected in 1978. [data missing] |
3rd | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1999 | ||||
Charles N. Felton | Republican | 5th | March 4, 1885 – March 3, 1889 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1884. [data missing] |
Bobbi Fiedler | Republican | 21st | January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1987 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1980. Retired to run for U.S. Senator. |
Bob Filner | Democratic | 50th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 |
San Diego | Resigned after being elected mayor of San Diego. |
51st | January 3, 2003 – December 3, 2012 | ||||
Lawrence J. Flaherty | Republican | 5th | March 4, 1925 – June 13, 1926 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1924. Died. |
Charles K. Fletcher | Republican | 23rd | January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1949 |
San Diego | Elected in 1946. [data missing] |
Vince Fong | Republican | 20th | May 21, 2024 – present |
Bakersfield | Elected to finish Kevin McCarthy's term. Incumbent. |
Thomas F. Ford | Democratic | 14th | March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1945 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1932. [data missing] |
Leland M. Ford | Republican | 16th | January 3, 1939 – January 3, 1943 |
Santa Monica | Elected in 1938. [data missing] |
John D. Fredericks | Republican | 10th | May 1, 1923 – March 4, 1927 |
Los Angeles | Elected to finish Henry Z. Osborne's term. [data missing] |
Arthur M. Free | Republican | 8th | March 4, 1921 – March 3, 1933 |
San Jose | Elected in 1920. [data missing] |
Elton Gallegly | Republican | 21st | January 3, 1987 – January 3, 1993 |
Simi Valley | Elected in 1986. [data missing] |
23rd | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 | ||||
24th | January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 | ||||
John Garamendi | Democratic | 10th | November 5, 2009 – January 3, 2013 |
Walnut Creek | Elected to finish Ellen Tauscher's term. Incumbent. |
3rd | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2023 | ||||
8th | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
Mike Garcia | Republican | 25th | May 12, 2020 – January 3, 2023 |
Santa Clarita | Elected to finish Katie Hill's term. Incumbent. |
27th | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
Robert Garcia | Democratic | 42nd | January 3, 2023 – present |
Long Beach | Elected in 2022. Incumbent. |
Bertrand W. Gearhart | Republican | 9th | January 3, 1935 – January 3, 1949 |
Fresno | Elected in 1934. [data missing] |
Thomas J. Geary | Democratic | 1st | December 9, 1890 – January 3, 1895 |
Santa Rosa | Elected to finish John J. De Haven's term. [data missing] |
Lee E. Geyer | Democratic | 17th | January 3, 1939 – October 11, 1941 |
Gardena | Elected in 1938. Died. |
Edward Gilbert | Democratic | At-large | September 11, 1850 – March 3, 1851 |
San Francisco | Elected November 13, 1849. Retired. |
James Gillett | Republican | 1st | March 4, 1902 – November 4, 1906 |
Eureka | Elected in 1902. Resigned to become Governor of California. |
John R. Glascock | Democratic | At-large | March 4, 1883 – March 3, 1885 |
Oakland | Elected in 1882. [data missing] |
Barry Goldwater Jr. | Republican | 27th | April 29, 1969 – January 3, 1975 |
Burbank | Elected to finish Edwin Reinecke's term. Retired to run for U.S. Senator. |
20th | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1983 | ||||
Jimmy Gomez | Democratic | 34th | June 6, 2017 – present |
Los Angeles | Elected to finish Xavier Becerra's term. Incumbent. |
Wayne R. Grisham | Republican | 33rd | January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1983 |
La Mirada | Elected in 1978. Lost renomination. |
Charles S. Gubser | Republican | 10th | January 3, 1953 – December 31, 1974 |
Gilroy | Elected in 1952. [data missing] |
Harlan Hagen | Democratic | 14th | January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1963 |
Hanford | Elected in 1952. [data missing] |
18th | January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1967 | ||||
Janice Hahn | Democratic | 36th | July 12, 2011 – January 3, 2013 |
Los Angeles | Elected to finish Jane Harman's term. Resigned to become a member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors. |
44th | January 3, 2013 – December 4, 2016 | ||||
Daniel Hamburg | Democratic | 1st | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1995 |
Ukiah | Elected in 1992. [data missing] |
Richard T. Hanna | Democratic | 34th | January 3, 1963 – December 31, 1974 |
Fullerton | Elected in 1962. Retired and then resigned early. |
Mark W. Hannaford | Democratic | 34th | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1979 |
Lakewood | Elected in 1974. [data missing] |
Jane Harman | Democratic | 36th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1999 |
Venice | Elected in 1992. Retired to run for Governor of California. |
January 3, 2001 – February 28, 2011 |
Elected in 2000. Resigned to become President of the Woodrow Wilson Center. | ||||
Josh Harder | Democratic | 10th | January 3, 2019 – January 3, 2023 |
Turlock | Elected in 2018. Incumbent. |
9th | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
Franck R. Havenner | Progressive | 4th | January 3, 1937 – January 3, 1939 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1936. [data missing] |
Democratic | January 3, 1939 – January 3, 1941 | ||||
January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1953 | |||||
Augustus Hawkins | Democratic | 21st | January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1975 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1962. [data missing] |
29th | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1991 | ||||
Everis A. Hayes | Republican | 5th | March 4, 1905 – March 3, 1913 |
San Jose | Elected in 1904. [data missing] |
8th | March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1919 | ||||
Ned R. Healy | Democratic | 13th | January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1947 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1944. [data missing] |
Barclay Henley | Democratic | 3rd | March 4, 1883 – March 3, 1885 |
Santa Rosa | Elected in 1882. [data missing] |
1st | March 4, 1885 – March 3, 1887 | ||||
Philemon T. Herbert | Democratic | At-large | March 4, 1855 – March 3, 1857 |
Mariposa | Elected in 1854. [data missing] |
Wally Herger | Republican | 2nd | January 3, 1987 – January 3, 2013 |
Marysville | Elected in 1986. [data missing] |
Hugh S. Hersman | Democratic | 8th | March 4, 1919 – March 3, 1921 |
Gilroy | Elected in 1918. [data missing] |
Edgar W. Hiestand | Republican | 21st | January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1963 |
Altadena | Elected in 1952. [data missing] |
William Higby | Republican | At-large | March 4, 1863 – March 3, 1865 |
Calaveras | Elected in 1863. [data missing] |
2nd | March 4, 1865 – March 3, 1869 | ||||
Samuel G. Hilborn | Republican | 3rd | December 5, 1892 – April 4, 1894 |
Oakland | Elected to finish Joseph McKenna's term. Lost election contest to Warren B. English. |
March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1899 |
Elected in 1894. [data missing] | ||||
Katie Hill | Democratic | 25th | January 3, 2019 – November 3, 2019 |
Santa Clarita | Elected in 2018. Resigned on November 3, 2019. |
Patrick J. Hillings | Republican | 12th | January 3, 1951 – January 3, 1953 |
Arcadia | Retired to run for Attorney General of California. |
25th | January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1959 | ||||
Andrew J. Hinshaw | Republican | 39th | January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975 |
Mission Viejo | Lost renomination. |
40th | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1977 | ||||
John Carl Hinshaw | Republican | 11th | January 3, 1939 – January 3, 1943 |
Pasadena | Elected in 1938. Died. |
20th | January 3, 1943 – August 5, 1956 | ||||
John H. Hoeppel | Democratic | 12th | March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1937 |
Arcadia | Elected in 1932. [data missing] |
Chet Holifield | Democratic | 19th | January 3, 1943 – December 31, 1974 |
Montebello | Elected in 1942. Retired and then resigned early. |
Joseph F. Holt | Republican | 22nd | January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1961 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1952. [data missing] |
Mike Honda | Democratic | 15th | January 3, 2001 – January 3, 2013 |
San Jose | Elected in 2000. [data missing] |
17th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2017 | ||||
Steve Horn | Republican | 38th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 |
Long Beach | Elected in 1992. [data missing] |
Craig Hosmer | Republican | 18th | January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1963 |
Long Beach | Retired and then resigned early. |
32nd | January 1, 1963 – December 31, 1974 | ||||
Sherman Otis Houghton | Republican | 1st | March 4, 1871 – March 3, 1873 |
San Jose | Elected in 1871. [data missing] |
4th | March 4, 1873 – March 3, 1875 | ||||
Michael Huffington | Republican | 22nd | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1995 |
Santa Barbara | Elected in 1992. Retired to run for U.S. Senator. |
Jared Huffman | Democratic | 2nd | January 3, 2013 – present |
San Rafael | Elected in 2012. Incumbent. |
Allan O. Hunter | Republican | 9th | January 3, 1951 – January 3, 1953 |
Fresno | Elected in 1950. [data missing] |
12th | January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1955 | ||||
Duncan D. Hunter | Republican | 52nd | January 3, 2009 – January 3, 2013 |
Lakeside | Elected in 2008. Resigned on January 13, 2020. |
50th | January 3, 2013 – January 13, 2020 | ||||
Duncan L. Hunter | Republican | 42nd | January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1983 |
Alpine | Retired to run for U.S. President. |
45th | January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1993 | ||||
52nd | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2009 | ||||
Darrell Issa | Republican | 48th | January 3, 2001 – January 3, 2003 |
San Diego | Elected in 2000. |
49th | January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2019 | ||||
50th | January 3, 2021 – January 3, 2023 |
Elected in 2020. Incumbent. | |||
48th | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
Edouard Izac | Democratic | 20th | January 3, 1937 – January 3, 1943 |
San Diego | Elected in 1936. [data missing] |
23rd | January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1947 | ||||
Donald L. Jackson | Republican | 16th | January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1961 |
Santa Monica | Elected in 1946. [data missing] |
Sara Jacobs | Democratic | 53rd | January 3, 2021 – January 3, 2023 |
San Diego | Elected in 2020. Incumbent. |
51st | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
Grove L. Johnson | Republican | 2nd | March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1897 |
Sacramento | Elected in 1894. [data missing] |
Harold T. Johnson | Democratic | 2nd | January 3, 1959 – January 3, 1975 |
Roseville | Elected in 1958. [data missing] |
1st | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1981 | ||||
James A. Johnson | Democratic | 3rd | March 4, 1867 – March 3, 1871 |
Downieville | Elected in 1867. [data missing] |
Justin L. Johnson | Republican | 3rd | January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1953 |
Stockton | Elected in 1942. [data missing] |
11th | January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1957 | ||||
William Ward Johnson | Republican | 18th | January 3, 1941 – January 3, 1945 |
Long Beach | Elected in 1940. [data missing] |
Florence Prag Kahn | Republican | 4th | February 17, 1925 – January 3, 1937 |
San Francisco | Elected to finish the term of her late husband, Julius Kahn. [data missing] |
Julius Kahn | Republican | 4th | March 4, 1899 – March 3, 1903 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1898. Lost re-election. |
March 4, 1905 – December 18, 1924 |
Elected in 1904. Died. | ||||
Sydney Kamlager | Democratic | 37th | January 3, 2023 – present |
Los Angeles | Elected in 2022. Incumbent. |
George A. Kasem | Democratic | 25th | January 3, 1959 – January 3, 1961 |
West Covina | Elected in 1958. [data missing] |
William Kent | Progressive Republican | 2nd | March 4, 1911 – March 3, 1913 |
Marin County | Elected in 1910. [data missing] |
Independent | 1st | March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1917 | |||
William M. Ketchum | Republican | 36th | January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975 |
Bakersfield | Elected in 1972. Died. |
18th | January 3, 1975 – June 24, 1978 | ||||
William Kettner | Democratic | 11th | March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1921 |
San Diego | Elected in 1912. [data missing] |
Ro Khanna | Democratic | 17th | January 3, 2017 – present |
Fremont | Elected in 2016. Incumbent. |
Kevin Kiley | Republican | 3rd | January 3, 2023 – present |
Rocklin | Elected in 2022. Incumbent. |
Jay Kim | Republican | 41st | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1999 |
Diamond Bar | Elected in 1992. [data missing] |
Young Kim | Republican | 39th | January 3, 2021 – January 3, 2023 |
Fullerton | Elected in 2020. Incumbent. |
40th | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
Cecil R. King | Democratic | 17th | August 25, 1942 – January 3, 1969 |
Los Angeles | Elected to finish Lee E. Geyer's term. [data missing] |
Steve Knight | Republican | 25th | January 3, 2015 – January 3, 2019 |
Palmdale | Elected in 2014. |
Joseph R. Knowland | Republican | 3rd | September 24, 1904 – March 3, 1913 |
Alameda | Elected to finish Victor H. Metcalf's term. [data missing] |
6th | March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1915 | ||||
Ernie Konnyu | Republican | 12th | January 3, 1987 – January 3, 1989 |
Santa Clara | Elected in 1986. [data missing] |
Charles Kramer | Democratic | 13th | March 3, 1933 – January 3, 1943 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1932. [data missing] |
John Hans Krebs | Democratic | 17th | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1979 |
Fresno | Elected in 1974. [data missing] |
Steven T. Kuykendall | Republican | 36th | January 3, 1999 – January 3, 2001 |
Rancho Palos Verdes | Elected in 1998. [data missing] |
Robert J. Lagomarsino | Republican | 13th | March 5, 1974 – January 3, 1975 |
Ojai | Elected to finish Charles M. Teague's term. [data missing] |
19th | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1993 | ||||
Doug LaMalfa | Republican | 1st | January 3, 2013 – present |
Oroville | Elected in 2012. Incumbent. |
Tom Lantos | Democratic | 11th | January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1993 |
San Mateo | Elected in 1980. Died. |
12th | January 3, 1993 – February 11, 2008 | ||||
Milton Latham | Democratic | At-large | March 4, 1853 – March 3, 1855 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1852. Retired. |
Clarence F. Lea | Democratic | 1st | March 4, 1917 – January 3, 1949 |
Santa Rosa | Elected in 1916. [data missing] |
Barbara Lee | Democratic | 9th | April 7, 1998 – January 3, 2013 |
Oakland | Elected to finish Ron Dellums's term.[a] Incumbent. |
13th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2023 | ||||
12th | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
Robert L. Leggett | Democratic | 4th | January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1979 |
Vallejo | Elected in 1962. [data missing] |
Richard H. Lehman | Democratic | 18th | January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1993 |
Sanger | Elected in 1982. [data missing] |
19th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1995 | ||||
Mike Levin | Democratic | 49th | January 3, 2019 – present |
San Juan Capistrano | Elected in 2018. Incumbent. |
Mel Levine | Democratic | 27th | January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1993 |
Santa Monica | Elected in 1982. Retired to run for U.S. Senator. |
Jerry Lewis | Republican | 37th | January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1983 |
Redlands | Elected in 1978. [data missing] |
35th | January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1993 | ||||
40th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 | ||||
41st | January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 | ||||
Ted Lieu | Democratic | 33rd | January 3, 2015 – January 3, 2023 |
Torrance | Elected in 2014. Incumbent. |
36th | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
Walter F. Lineberger | Republican | 9th | February 15, 1921 – March 3, 1927 |
Long Beach | Elected to finish Representative-elect Charles F. Van de Water's term. [data missing] |
Glenard P. Lipscomb | Republican | 24th | November 17, 1953 – February 1, 1970 |
Los Angeles | Elected to finish Norris Poulson's term. Died. |
Edward J. Livernash | Democratic and Union Labor | 4th | March 4, 1903 – March 3, 1905 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1902. [data missing] |
James F. Lloyd | Democratic | 35th | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1981 |
West Covina | Elected in 1974. [data missing] |
Zoe Lofgren | Democratic | 16th | January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2013 |
San Jose | Elected in 1994. Incumbent. |
19th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2023 | ||||
18th | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
Eugene F. Loud | Republican | 5th | March 4, 1891 – March 3, 1903 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1890. [data missing] |
James A. Louttit | Republican | 2nd | March 4, 1885 – March 3, 1887 |
Stockton | Elected in 1884. [data missing] |
Frederick Low | Republican | At-large | June 3, 1862 – March 3, 1863 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1863 but not seated until special Act of Congress was passed, 12 Stat. 411. [data missing] |
Alan Lowenthal | Democratic | 47th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2023 |
Long Beach | Elected in 2012. Retired. |
Bill Lowery | Republican | 41st | January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1993 |
San Diego | Elected in 1980. [data missing] |
Dan Lungren | Republican | 34th | January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1983 |
Long Beach | Retired to become acting California State Treasurer. |
42nd | January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1989 | ||||
3rd | January 3, 2005 – January 3, 2013 |
Gold River | Elected in 2004. [data missing] | ||
John K. Luttrell | Democratic | 3rd | March 4, 1873 – March 3, 1879 |
Fort Jones | Elected in 1872. [data missing] |
James H. MacLafferty | Republican | 6th | November 7, 1922 – March 3, 1925 |
Oakland | Elected to finish John A. Elston's term. Lost renomination. |
James G. Maguire | Democratic | 4th | March 4, 1893 – March 3, 1899 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1892. Retired to run for governor. |
William S. Mailliard | Republican | 4th | January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1963 |
San Francisco | Resigned to become permanent Representative to Organization of American States. |
6th | January 3, 1963 – March 5, 1974 | ||||
Henry H. Markham | Republican | 6th | March 4, 1885 – March 3, 1887 |
Pasadena | Elected in 1884. [data missing] |
Edward C. Marshall | Democratic | At-large | March 4, 1851 – March 3, 1853 |
Sonoma | Elected late in 1851. Retired. |
Patrick M. Martin | Republican | 38th | January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1965 |
Riverside | Elected in 1962. [data missing] |
Matthew G. Martínez | Democratic | 30th | July 13, 1982 – January 3, 1993 |
Monterey Park | Elected to finish George E. Danielson's term. Lost renomination and then changed parties. |
31st | January 3, 1993 – July 27, 2000 | ||||
Republican | July 27, 2000 – January 3, 2001 | ||||
Robert B. Mathias | Republican | 18th | January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1975 |
Tulare | Elected in 1966. [data missing] |
Doris Matsui | Democratic | 5th | March 8, 2005 – January 3, 2013 |
Sacramento | Elected to finish the term of her late husband, Bob Matsui. Incumbent. |
6th | March 8, 2013 – January 3, 2023 | ||||
7th | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
Bob Matsui | Democratic | 3rd | January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1993 |
Sacramento | Elected in 1978. Died. |
5th | January 3, 1993 – January 1, 2005 | ||||
Al McCandless | Republican | 37th | January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1993 |
Bermuda Dunes | Elected in 1982. [data missing] |
44th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1995 | ||||
Kevin McCarthy | Republican | 22nd | January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2013 |
Bakersfield | Elected in 2006. Resigned. |
23rd | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2023 | ||||
20th | January 3, 2023 – December 31, 2023 | ||||
Tom McClintock | Republican | 4th | January 3, 2009 – January 3, 2023 |
Thousand Oaks | Elected in 2008. Incumbent. |
5th | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
Pete McCloskey | Republican | 11th | December 12, 1967 – January 3, 1973 |
Portola Valley | Elected to finish J. Arthur Younger's term.. [data missing] |
17th | January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975 | ||||
12th | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1983 | ||||
Joseph W. McCorkle | Democratic | At-large | March 4, 1851 – March 3, 1853 |
San Francisco | Elected late in 1851. Lost renomination. |
Gordon L. McDonough | Republican | 15th | January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1963 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1944. [data missing] |
James A. McDougall | Democratic | At-large | March 4, 1853 – March 3, 1855 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1852. Retired. |
John J. McFall | Democratic | 11th | January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1963 |
Manteca | Elected in 1956. [data missing] |
15th | January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1975 | ||||
14th | January 3, 1975 – December 31, 1978 |
Elected in 1974. Resigned. | |||
John J. McGrath | Democratic | 8th | March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1939 |
Hillsborough | Elected in 1932. [data missing] |
John S. McGroarty | Democratic | 11th | January 3, 1935 – January 3, 1939 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1934. [data missing] |
Joseph McKenna | Republican | 3rd | March 4, 1885 – March 28, 1892 |
Suisun City | Elected in 1884. Resigned to become Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. |
Howard McKeon | Republican | 25th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2015 |
Santa Clarita | Elected in 1992. [data missing] |
Joseph C. McKibbin | Democratic | At-large | March 4, 1857 – March 3, 1859 |
Downieville | Elected in 1856. [data missing] |
Duncan E. McKinlay | Republican | 2nd | March 4, 1905 – March 3, 1911 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1904. [data missing] |
Clinton D. McKinnon | Democratic | 23rd | January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1953 |
San Diego | Elected in 1948. [data missing] |
James McLachlan | Republican | 6th | March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1897 |
Pasadena | Elected in 1894. [data missing] |
March 4, 1901 – March 3, 1903 | |||||
7th | March 4, 1903 – March 3, 1911 | ||||
Jerry McNerney | Democratic | 11th | January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2013 |
Pleasanton | Elected in 2006. Retired. |
9th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2023 | ||||
Donald C. McRuer | Republican | 1st | March 4, 1865 – March 3, 1867 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1864. [data missing] |
Victor H. Metcalf | Republican | 3rd | March 4, 1899 – July 1, 1904 |
Oakland | Elected in 1898. Resigned to become U.S. Secretary of Commerce and Labor. |
Juanita Millender-McDonald | Democratic | 37th | March 26, 1996 – April 22, 2007 |
Carson | Elected to finish Walter Tucker's term. Died. |
Clement Woodnutt Miller | Democratic | 1st | January 3, 1959 – October 7, 1962 |
Marin County | Elected in 1958. Died. |
Gary Miller | Republican | 41st | January 3, 1999 – January 3, 2003 |
Diamond Bar | Elected in 1998. [data missing] |
42nd | January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 | ||||
31st | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2015 | ||||
George Miller | Democratic | 7th | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 2013 |
Martinez | Elected in 1974. [data missing] |
11th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2015 | ||||
George Paul Miller | Democratic | 6th | January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1953 |
Alameda | Lost renomination. |
8th | January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1973 | ||||
Norman Mineta | Democratic | 13th | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1993 |
San Jose | Resigned. |
15th | January 3, 1993 – October 10, 1995 | ||||
Carlos Moorhead | Republican | 20th | January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975 |
Glendale | Elected in 1972. [data missing] |
22nd | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1993 | ||||
27th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1997 | ||||
William W. Morrow | Republican | 4th | March 4, 1885 – March 3, 1891 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1884. [data missing] |
John E. Moss | Democratic | 3rd | January 3, 1953 – December 31, 1978 |
Sacramento | Elected in 1952. [data missing] |
Kevin Mullin | Democratic | 15th | January 3, 2023 – present |
San Francisco | Elected in 2022. Incumbent. |
Grace Napolitano | Democratic | 34th | January 3, 1999 – January 3, 2003 |
Norwalk | Elected in 1998. Incumbent. |
38th | January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 | ||||
32nd | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2023 | ||||
31st | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
James C. Needham | Republican | 7th | March 4, 1899 – March 3, 1903 |
San Diego | Elected in 1898. [data missing] |
6th | March 4, 1903 – March 3, 1913 | ||||
Gloria Negrete McLeod | Democratic | 35th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2015 |
Chino | Elected in 2012. Retired to run for San Bernardino County Board of Supervisors. |
Richard Nixon | Republican | 12th | January 3, 1947 – November 30, 1950 |
Whittier | Elected in 1946. Resigned to run for U.S. Senator. |
John I. Nolan | Republican | 5th | March 4, 1913 – November 18, 1922 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1912. Died. |
Mae Nolan | Republican | 5th | January 23, 1923 – March 3, 1925 |
San Francisco | Elected to finish the term of her husband, John I. Nolan. [data missing] |
Devin Nunes | Republican | 21st | January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 |
Tulare | Elected in 2002. Resigned to become CEO of Trump Media & Technology Group. |
22nd | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2022 | ||||
Jay Obernolte | Republican | 8th | January 3, 2021 – January 3, 2023 |
Big Bear Lake | Elected in 2020. Incumbent. |
23rd | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
Henry Z. Osborne | Republican | 10th | March 4, 1917 – February 8, 1923 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1916. Died. |
Doug Ose | Republican | 3rd | January 3, 1999 – January 3, 2005 |
Sacramento | Elected in 1998. [data missing] |
George E. Outland | Democratic | 11th | January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1947 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1942. [data missing] |
Romualdo Pacheco | Republican | 4th | March 4, 1877 – February 7, 1878 |
San Luis Obispo | Elected in 1876. Resigned when House Elections Committee refused to certify his election. |
March 4, 1879 – March 3, 1883 |
Elected in 1879. [data missing] | ||||
Ron Packard | Republican | 43rd | January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1993 |
Carlsbad | Elected in 1982. [data missing] |
48th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2001 | ||||
Horace F. Page | Republican | 2nd | March 4, 1873 – March 3, 1883 |
Placerville | Elected in 1872. [data missing] |
Jimmy Panetta | Democratic | 20th | January 3, 2017 – January 3, 2023 |
Carmel Valley | Elected in 2016. Incumbent. |
23rd | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
Leon Panetta | Democratic | 16th | January 3, 1977 – January 3, 1993 |
Carmel Valley | Resigned to become Director of the Office of Management and Budget. |
17th | January 3, 1993 – January 23, 1993 | ||||
Chip Pashayan | Republican | 17th | January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1991 |
Fresno | Elected in 1978. [data missing] |
Ellis E. Patterson | Democratic | 16th | January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1947 |
Yuba City | Elected in 1944. [data missing] |
Jerry M. Patterson | Democratic | 38th | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1985 |
Santa Ana | Elected in 1974. [data missing] |
Nancy Pelosi | Democratic | 5th | June 2, 1987 – January 3, 1993 |
San Francisco | Elected to finish Sala Burton's term. Incumbent. |
8th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2013 | ||||
12th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2023 | ||||
11th | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
Scott Peters | Democratic | 52nd | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2023 |
San Diego | Elected in 2012. Incumbent. |
50th | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
Jerry Lyle Pettis | Republican | 33rd | January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1975 |
Loma Linda | Elected in 1966. Died. |
37th | January 3, 1975 – February 14, 1975 | ||||
Shirley Neil Pettis | Republican | 37th | April 29, 1975 – January 3, 1979 |
Loma Linda | Elected to finish the term of her husband, Jerry Pettis. [data missing] |
Timothy Guy Phelps | Republican | At-large | March 4, 1861 – March 3, 1863 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1861. [data missing] |
John J. Phillips | Republican | 22nd | January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1953 |
Banning | Elected in 1942. [data missing] |
29th | January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1957 | ||||
William Adam Piper | Democratic | 1st | March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1877 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1875. [data missing] |
Richard W. Pombo | Republican | 11th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2007 |
Tracy | Elected in 1992. [data missing] |
Katie Porter | Democratic | 45th | January 3, 2019 – January 3, 2023 |
Irvine | Elected in 2018. Incumbent. |
47th | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
Norris Poulson | Republican | 13th | January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1945 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1942. Lost re-election. |
January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1953 |
Resigned to become Mayor of Los Angeles. | ||||
24th | January 3, 1953 – June 11, 1953 | ||||
George Radanovich | Republican | 19th | January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2011 |
Mariposa | Elected in 1994. Retired. |
John E. Raker | Democratic | 1st | March 4, 1911 – March 3, 1913 |
Alturas | Elected in 1910. [data missing] |
2nd | March 4, 1913 – January 23, 1926 | ||||
Charles Hiram Randall | Prohibitionist | 9th | March 4, 1915 – March 3, 1921 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1914. [data missing] |
Thomas M. Rees | Democratic | 26th | December 15, 1965 – January 3, 1975 |
Los Angeles | Elected to finish James Roosevelt's term. |
23rd | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1977 | ||||
Edwin Reinecke | Republican | 27th | January 3, 1965 – January 21, 1969 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1964. Resigned to become Lieutenant Governor of California. |
Laura Richardson | Democratic | 37th | August 21, 2007 – January 3, 2013 |
Long Beach | Elected to finish Juanita Millender-McDonald's term. [data missing] |
Frank D. Riggs | Republican | 1st | January 3, 1991 – January 3, 1993 |
Healdsburg | Elected in 1990. [data missing] |
January 3, 1995 – January 3, 1999 | |||||
James E. Rogan | Republican | 27th | January 3, 1997 – January 3, 2001 |
Glendale | Elected in 1996. [data missing] |
Will Rogers Jr. | Democratic | 16th | January 3, 1943 – May 23, 1944 |
Culver City | Elected in 1942. Resigned to return to active duty in the Army. |
Dana Rohrabacher | Republican | 42nd | January 3, 1989 – January 3, 1993 |
Huntington Beach | Elected in 1988. |
45th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 | ||||
46th | January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 | ||||
48th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2019 | ||||
Thomas Rolph | Republican | 4th | January 3, 1941 – January 3, 1945 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1940. [data missing] |
James Roosevelt | Democratic | 26th | January 3, 1955 – September 30, 1965 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1954. Resigned to run for Mayor of Los Angeles. |
William Rosecrans | Democratic | 1st | March 4, 1881 – March 3, 1885 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1880. [data missing] |
Harley Rouda | Democratic | 48th | January 3, 2019 – January 3, 2021 |
Laguna Beach | Elected in 2018. Lost re-election. |
John H. Rousselot | Republican | 25th | January 3, 1961 – January 3, 1963 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1960. [data missing] |
24th | June 30, 1970 – January 3, 1975 |
Elected to finish Glenard P. Lipscomb's term. | |||
26th | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1983 | ||||
Edward R. Roybal | Democratic | 30th | January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1975 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1962. [data missing] |
25th | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1993 | ||||
Lucille Roybal-Allard | Democratic | 33rd | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1992. Retired. |
34th | January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 | ||||
40th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2023 | ||||
Ed Royce | Republican | 39th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 |
Fullerton | Elected in 1992. |
40th | January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 | ||||
39th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2019 | ||||
William Royer | Republican | 11th | April 3, 1979 – January 3, 1981 |
Redwood City | Elected to finish Leo Ryan's term. [data missing] |
Raul Ruiz | Democratic | 36th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2023 |
Coachella | Elected in 2012. Incumbent. |
25th | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
Leo Ryan | Democratic | 11th | January 3, 1973 – November 18, 1978 |
South San Francisco | Elected in 1972. Died. |
Linda Sánchez | Democratic | 39th | January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 |
Whittier | Elected in 2012. Incumbent. |
38th | January 3, 2013 – present | ||||
Loretta Sanchez | Democratic | 46th | January 3, 1997 – January 3, 2003 |
Anaheim | Elected in 1996. [data missing] |
47th | January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 | ||||
46th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2017 | ||||
Aaron Augustus Sargent | Republican | At-large | March 4, 1861 – March 3, 1863 |
Nevada City | Elected in 1861. [data missing] |
2nd | March 4, 1869 – March 3, 1873 |
Elected in 1868. [data missing] | |||
Dalip Singh Saund | Democratic | 29th | January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1963 |
Westmorland | Elected in 1958. [data missing] |
Lynn Schenk | Democratic | 49th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1995 |
San Diego | Elected in 1992. [data missing] |
Adam Schiff | Democratic | 27th | January 3, 2001 – January 3, 2003 |
Burbank | Elected in 2002. Resigned following election to U.S. senator. |
29th | January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 | ||||
28th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2023 | ||||
30th | January 3, 2023 – December 8, 2024 | ||||
John G. Schmitz | Republican | 35th | June 30, 1970 – January 3, 1973 |
Santa Ana | Elected to finish James B. Utt's term. [data missing] |
Byron N. Scott | Democratic | 18th | January 3, 1935 – January 3, 1939 |
Long Beach | Elected in 1934. [data missing] |
Charles L. Scott | Democratic | At-large | March 4, 1857 – March 3, 1861 |
Sonora | Elected in 1856. [data missing] |
Hubert B. Scudder | Republican | 1st | January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1959 |
Sebastopol | Elected in 1948. [data missing] |
Andrea Seastrand | Republican | 22nd | January 3, 1995 – January 3, 1997 |
Santa Barbara | Elected in 1994. [data missing] |
Thomas Bowles Shannon | Republican | At-large | January 3, 1863 – January 3, 1865 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1863. [data missing] |
John F. Shelley | Democratic | 5th | November 8, 1949 – January 7, 1964 |
San Francisco | Elected to finish Richard J. Welch's term. Resigned to become mayor of San Francisco. |
Harry R. Sheppard | Democratic | 19th | January 3, 1937 – January 3, 1943 |
Yucaipa | Elected in 1936. [data missing] |
21st | January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1953 | ||||
27th | January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1963 | ||||
33rd | January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1965 | ||||
Brad Sherman | Democratic | 24th | January 3, 1997 – January 3, 2003 |
Sherman Oaks | Elected in 2002. Incumbent. |
27th | January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 | ||||
30th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2023 | ||||
32nd | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
Norman D. Shumway | Republican | 14th | January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1991 |
Stockton | Elected in 1978. [data missing] |
Bernice F. Sisk | Democratic | 12th | January 3, 1955 – January 3, 1963 |
Fresno | Elected in 1954. [data missing] |
16th | January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1975 | ||||
15th | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1979 | ||||
Sylvester C. Smith | Republican | 8th | March 4, 1905 – January 26, 1913 |
Bakersfield | Elected in 1904. Died. |
H. Allen Smith | Republican | 20th | January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1973 |
Glendale | Elected in 1956. [data missing] |
Hilda Solis | Democratic | 31st | January 3, 2001 – January 3, 2003 |
El Monte | Resigned to become U.S. Secretary of Labor. |
32nd | January 3, 2003 – February 24, 2009 | ||||
Jackie Speier | Democratic | 12th | April 10, 2008 – January 3, 2013 |
Hillsborough | Elected to finish Tom Lantos's term. Retired. |
14th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2023 | ||||
Pete Stark | Democratic | 8th | January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975 |
Fremont | Elected in 1972. [data missing] |
9th | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1993 | ||||
13th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2013 | ||||
Michelle Steel | Republican | 48th | January 3, 2021 – January 3, 2023 |
Surfside | Elected in 2020. Incumbent. |
45th | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
William Stephens | Republican | 7th | March 4, 1911 – March 3, 1913 |
Los Angeles | Resigned to become Lieutenant Governor of California. |
Progressive | 10th | March 4, 1913 – July 22, 1916 | |||
Henry E. Stubbs | Democratic | 10th | March 4, 1933 – February 28, 1937 |
Santa Maria | Elected in 1932. Died. |
Charles A. Sumner | Democratic | At-large | March 4, 1883 – March 3, 1885 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1882. [data missing] |
Eric Swalwell | Democratic | 15th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2023 |
Dublin | Elected in 2012. Incumbent. |
14th | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
Phil Swing | Republican | 11th | March 4, 1921 – March 3, 1933 |
San Diego | Elected in 1920. [data missing] |
Mark Takano | Democratic | 41st | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2023 |
Riverside | Elected in 2012. Incumbent. |
39th | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
Burt L. Talcott | Republican | 12th | January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1975 |
Salinas | Elected in 1962. [data missing] |
16th | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1977 | ||||
Ellen Tauscher | Democratic | 10th | January 3, 1997 – June 26, 2009 |
Alamo | Elected in 1996. Resigned to become Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs. |
Charles M. Teague | Republican | 13th | January 3, 1955 – January 1, 1974 |
Ojai | Elected in 1954. Died. |
Bill Thomas | Republican | 18th | January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1983 |
Bakersfield | Elected in 1978. [data missing] |
20th | January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1993 | ||||
21st | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 | ||||
22nd | January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2007 | ||||
Mike Thompson | Democratic | 1st | January 3, 1999 – January 3, 2013 |
St. Helena | Elected in 1998. Incumbent. |
5th | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2023 | ||||
4th | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
Thomas Larkin Thompson | Democratic | 1st | March 4, 1887 – March 3, 1889 |
Santa Rosa | Elected in 1886. [data missing] |
John H. Tolan | Democratic | 7th | January 3, 1935 – January 3, 1947 |
Oakland | Elected in 1934. [data missing] |
Esteban Edward Torres | Democratic | 34th | January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1999 |
La Puente | Elected in 1982. [data missing] |
Norma Torres | Democratic | 35th | January 3, 2015 – present |
Pomona | Elected in 2014. Incumbent. |
William I. Traeger | Republican | 15th | March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1935 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1932. [data missing] |
Walter R. Tucker III | Democratic | 37th | January 3, 1993 – December 15, 1995 |
Compton | Elected in 1992. Resigned. |
Pleasant B. Tully | Democratic | 4th | March 4, 1883 – March 3, 1885 |
Gilroy | Elected in 1882. [data missing] |
John V. Tunney | Democratic | 38th | January 3, 1965 – January 3, 1971 |
Riverside | Elected in 1964. [data missing] |
James B. Utt | Republican | 28th | January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1963 |
Santa Ana | Elected in 1952. Died. |
35th | January 3, 1963 – March 1, 1970 | ||||
David Valadao | Republican | 21st | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2019 |
Hanford | Elected in 2012. |
January 3, 2021 – January 3, 2023 |
Elected in 2020. Incumbent. | ||||
22nd | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
Lionel Van Deerlin | Democratic | 37th | January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1973 |
San Diego | Elected in 1962. [data missing] |
41st | January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975 | ||||
42nd | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1981 | ||||
William Vandever | Republican | 6th | March 4, 1887 – March 3, 1891 |
San Buenaventura | Elected in 1886. [data missing] |
Juan Vargas | Democratic | 51st | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2023 |
San Diego | Elected in 2012. Incumbent. |
52nd | January 3, 2023 – present | ||||
Victor Veysey | Republican | 38th | January 3, 1971 – January 3, 1973 |
Brawley | Elected in 1970. [data missing] |
43rd | January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975 | ||||
Jerry Voorhis | Democratic | 12th | January 3, 1937 – January 3, 1947 |
San Dimas | Elected in 1936. [data missing] |
Jerome R. Waldie | Democratic | 14th | June 7, 1966 – January 3, 1975 |
Antioch | Elected to finish John F. Baldwin's term. Retired to run for Governor of California. |
Maxine Waters | Democratic | 29th | January 3, 1991 – January 3, 1993 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1990. Incumbent. |
35th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2013 | ||||
43rd | January 3, 2013 – present | ||||
Mimi Walters | Republican | 45th | January 3, 2015 – January 3, 2019 |
Laguna Niguel | Elected in 2014. |
Russell J. Waters | Republican | 6th | March 4, 1899 – March 3, 1901 |
Redlands | Elected in 1898. [data missing] |
Diane Watson | Democratic | 32nd | June 5, 2001 – January 3, 2003 |
Los Angeles | Elected to finish Julian C. Dixon's term. [data missing] |
33rd | January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2011 | ||||
Henry Waxman | Democratic | 24th | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1993 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1974. Retired. |
29th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2003 | ||||
30th | January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2013 | ||||
33rd | January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2015 | ||||
Richard J. Welch | Republican | 5th | August 31, 1926 – September 10, 1949 |
San Francisco | Elected to finish Lawrence J. Flaherty's term. Died. |
Thomas H. Werdel | Republican | 10th | January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1953 |
Bakersfield | Elected in 1948. [data missing] |
Cecil F. White | Democratic | 9th | January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1951 |
Fresno | Elected in 1948. [data missing] |
Charles E. Wiggins | Republican | 25th | January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1975 |
El Monte | Elected in 1966. [data missing] |
39th | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1979 | ||||
Peter D. Wigginton | Democratic | 4th | March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1877 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1875. [data missing] |
February 7, 1878 – March 3, 1879 |
Successfully contested election of Romualdo Pacheco. [data missing] | ||||
Charles H. Wilson | Democratic | 31st | January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1981 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1962. Lost renomination. |
Bob Wilson | Republican | 30th | January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1963 |
San Diego | Elected in 1952. [data missing] |
36th | January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1973 | ||||
40th | January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975 | ||||
41st | January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1983 | ||||
Samuel D. Woods | Republican | 2nd | December 3, 1900 – March 3, 1903 |
Stockton | Elected to finish Marion De Vries's term. [data missing] |
Lynn Woolsey | Democratic | 6th | January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2013 |
Petaluma | Elected in 1992. [data missing] |
George Washington Wright | Independent | At-large | September 11, 1850 – March 3, 1851 |
San Francisco | Elected November 13, 1849. Retired. |
William J. Wynn | Democratic and Union Labor | 5th | March 4, 1903 – March 3, 1905 |
San Francisco | Elected in 1902. [data missing] |
Sam Yorty | Democratic | 14th | January 3, 1951 – January 3, 1953 |
Los Angeles | Elected in 1950. [data missing] |
26th | January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1955 | ||||
J. Arthur Younger | Republican | 9th | January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1963 |
San Mateo | Elected in 1952. Died. |
11th | January 3, 1963 – June 20, 1967 | ||||
Ed Zschau | Republican | 12th | January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1987 |
Los Altos | Elected in 1982. Retired to run for U.S. Senator. |
See also
[edit]- List of United States senators from California
- United States congressional delegations from California
- California's congressional districts
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Directory of Representatives". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved May 12, 2020.