3rd century in Lebanon
| 3rd century in Lebanon |
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This article lists historical events that occurred between 201–300 in modern-day Lebanon or regarding its people.
Administration
[edit]Severan dynasty
[edit]During the early third century, coastal cities of Phoenicia and numerous "Punic" cities of North Africa saw substantial construction by Septimius Severus and his successors, who specifically adorned Lepcis Magna, which was connected to the metropolis of Tyre by coins and inscriptions. Tyre's coins from the Severan period depict Dido overseeing the establishment of Carthage. Thus, by exalting the Aeneid's author and characters, the Severan dynasty purposefully promoted a Phoenician-Roman connection.[1]
Reign of Elagabalus
[edit]Tyre was the capital of Phoenice, but the Roman emperor Elagabalus (r. 218–222) raised his native Emesa (modern-day Homs) to co-capital, leading to a rivalry between the two cities as the head of the province.[2] However, Elagabalus is recognized for bestowing imperial favor on Berytus, along with other cities in the region, and a coin from Berytus during his reign depicts a grand archway adorned with columns and sculptures.[3]
Propraetorial Imperial Legates of Phoenicia
[edit]| Date | Propraetorial Imperial Legates (Governors) |
|---|---|
| c. 207 | Domitius Leo Procillianus |
| 213 | D. Pius Cassius |
| Between 268 and 270 | Salvius Theodorus |
| Between 284 and 305 | L. Artorius Pius Maximus |
| 292 – 293 | Crispinus[4][5] |
Military
[edit]Since the time of Septimius Severus, it had been the practice to assign not more than two legions to each frontier province, and, although in some provinces one legion was sometimes deemed sufficient, the upper limit was not exceeded. This policy appears to have been continued during the third century AD, as seen in the case of Aurelian raising the garrisons of Phoenice to the normal strength of two legions.[6] Furthermore, during this century, the Third Legio Gallica was stationed in Tyre or Sidon.[7]
Coinage
[edit]During the reign of the Emperor Philip I the Arab (244-249 CE), bronze coins were struck at Heliopolis in honour of the legions Fifth Macedonia and Eighth Augusta.[8]
Events
[edit]210s
[edit]
- The Phoenician-born Papinian, a celebrated Roman jurist, magister libellorum, attorney general (advocatus fisci) and, praetorian prefect is murdered in 212 AD.[9]
- Septimius Severus' wife Julia Domna and son Caracalla tour in Baalbek, 215 AD.[10]
- Marcus Julius Gessius Marcianus, native of Arqa and a Roman aristocrat and step-father of Severus Alexander, is murdered in 218 AD.[11]
220s
[edit]- The Tyrian-born Ulpian, Latin: Gnaeus Domitius Annius Ulpianus; a Roman jurist and one of the great legal authorities, under Severus Alexander, serves as praetorian prefect from 222 AD.[12]
- Ulpian is murdered in 228.[12]
230s
[edit]- The Third century Crisis begins with the assassination of the Lebanese-born Roman emperor Severus Alexander, 21/22 March 235 AD.[13]
- Beirut is mentioned for the first time as a major center for the study of law in writing in the works of Gregory Thaumaturgus, 238/239 AD.
250s
[edit]- Marinus is metropolitan bishop of Tyre, c. 250.[14]
270s
[edit]- The Palmyrene empire is established in 270 AD with the start of Zenobia's expedition against the Tanukhids in the spring of the same year, leading to the occupation of Roman Phoenice by the Syrian Palmyrenes.[15]
- Pagan temples are attested in a Greek inscription mentioning the date 272 AD found in the Mar Mama church in Ehden.[16]
- The Palmyrene empire is reconquered by the Romans, 273 AD.
- A Roman mint is established in Tripolis, 273/274 AD.[17][18]
280s
[edit]
- Saint Moura, an Egyptian Saint that is almost exclusively celebrated amongst Maronites, is martyred in 283 AD, Ansena, Egypt.[19]
- The Third century Crisis ends with the ascension of Diocletian and his implementation of reforms in 284 AD.
- The Roman mint in Tripolis closes down in 286/287 AD.
290s
[edit]- Aquilina, a native of Byblos and a christian child, dies in 293 AD, shortly before the executioner could carry out the decapitation sentenced on her for her religion.[20]
- Ananias "of Phoenicia" the Presbyter, Peter the prison guard, and seven soldiers, get martyred in the form of drowning after lengthy torture for their Christianity, 295 AD, Phoenicia.[21]
- Gelasinus is martyred in Baalbek, 297 AD.[22][23]
Ecclesiastical administration
[edit]The ecclesiastical administration of Pheonice paralleled the political, but with some differences. The bishop of Tyre emerged as the pre-eminent prelate of Phoenice by the mid-3rd century.[24]
Culture
[edit]
In 238 or 239 AD, Beirut was first mentioned in writing as a major center for the study of law in the panegyric of Gregory Thaumaturgus, the bishop of Neo-Caesarea[25][26][27] The 3rd-century emperors Diocletian and Maximian issued constitutions exempting the students of the law school of Beirut from compulsory service in their hometowns.[28][29]
People
[edit]200s
[edit]
- Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander, known simply as Severus Alexander, is born in 1 October 208, Arqa, in modern-day Lebanon.[30]
230s
[edit]
- Porphyry of Tyre, a Neoplatonic philosopher, is born in Tyre, c. 234 AD.[31]
250s
[edit]- Origen, an early Christian scholar, ascetic and theologian, dies in Tyre, c. 253 AD (aged c. 69).[32]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Linda Jones Hall (2004) p. 93
- ^ Eißfeldt 1941, p. 368.
- ^ Linda Jones Hall (2004) p. 64
- ^ Linda Jones Hall, Roman Berytus: Beirut in late antiquity (2004)
- ^ PLRE
- ^ Parker, "The Legions of Diocletian and Constantine," p. 177/178.
- ^ Paturel, Simone (2019), p 268-269.
- ^ Paturel, Simone (2019), p 270.
- ^ Reed, Joseph J. (1862). Outlines of Universal History: In Three Parts; with a Copious Index to Each Part, Showing the Correct Mode of Pronouncing Every Name Mentioned ... J.B. Lippincott & Company.
- ^ Jessup (1881), p. 471.
- ^ Birley, Septimius Severus: The African Emperor, p. 222
- ^ a b "Ulpian | Roman jurist | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
- ^ "Severus Alexander (222–235 AD): The Calm before the Storm" (PDF). The Saylor Foundation.
- ^ Eusebius, Church History VII.5
- ^ Bryce, Trevor (2014-03-05). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-100293-9.
- ^ Yammine, Y.: Daleel Ehden, page 14.
- ^ Sellars, Ian J. (2013). The Monetary System of the Romans. p. 355. Retrieved Nov 19, 2019.
- ^ "Tripolis, Phoenicia (Tripoli, Lebanon)". FORVM ANCIENT COINS. Retrieved Nov 19, 2019.
- ^ Moubarac,Youakim (1984), Pentalogie Antiochienne / Domaine Maronite - Tome II - Volume I - page 39. Editor Cenacle Libanais - Beirut - Lebanon.
- ^ "Martyr Aquilina of Byblos in Syria". www.oca.org. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
- ^ "Martyrs Ananias the Presbyter, Peter, and seven soldiers, in Phoenicia". www.oca.org. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
- ^ Forster (1828), p. 239.
- ^ Butler (1799), p. 402.
- ^ Eißfeldt 1941, p. 369.
- ^ Sartre 2005, p. 289
- ^ Collinet 1925, p. 17
- ^ Thaumaturgus 239, pp. 45–46
- ^ Jidejian 1973, p. 65
- ^ Collinet 1925, pp. 29–30
- ^ Furius Dionysius Filocalus, Chronograph of 354, Part 3: "DIVI·ALEXANDRI·KAL·OCT".
- ^ Schott, Jeremy M. (2013-04-23). Christianity, Empire, and the Making of Religion in Late Antiquity. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0346-2.
- ^ The New Catholic Encyclopedia (Detroit: Gale, 2003). ISBN 978-0-7876-4004-0
Sources
[edit]- A.R. Birley, Septimius Severus: The African Emperor, Routledge, 2002
- Paturel, Simone (2019-07-01), Baalbek-Heliopolis, the Bekaa, and Berytus from 100 BCE to 400 CE, BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-40073-3
- Forster, Thomas Ignatius M. (1828), Circle of the Seasons, and Perpetual Key to the Calendar and Almanack; to which is added the Circle of the Hours, and the History of the Days of the Week; being a Compendious Illustration of the History, Antiquities, and Natural Phenomena, of Each Day of the Year, London: J. & C. Adlard for Thomas Hookham
- Butler, Alban (1799), The Lives of the Primitive Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints: Compiled from Original Monuments, and other Authentic Records: Illustrated with the Remarks of Judicious Modern Critics and Historians, 3rd ed., Vol. VIII, Edinburgh: J. Moir for J. P. Coghlan
- Jessup, Samuel (1881). "Ba'albek". In Wilson, Charles William (ed.). Picturesque Palestine, Sinai, and Egypt, Div. II. New York: D. Appleton & Co., illustrated by Henry Fenn & J.D. Woodward. pp. 453–476.
- Collinet, Paul (1925). Histoire de l'école de droit de Beyrouth (in French). Paris: Société Anonyme du Recueil Sirey.
- Jidejian, Nina (1973). Beirut: Through the Ages. Beirut: Dar el-Machreq.
- Thaumaturgus, Gregory (1873) [239]. "Oratio Panegyrica ad Originem" [The Oration and Panegyric Addressed to Origen] (PDF). In Philip Schaff (ed.). Ante-Nicene Fathers. Vol. 6. Translated by S. D. F. Salmond. Edinburgh: Christian Classics Etheral Library.
- Yammine, Fr. Youssef, Daleel Ehden, Editor El, 2000.
- Sartre, Maurice (2005). The Middle East Under Rome. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01683-5.
- Eißfeldt, Otto (1941). "Phoiniker (Phoinike)". Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Vol. Band XX, Halbband 39, Philon–Pignus. pp. 350–379.
- Martindale, J. R.; Jones, A. H. M, The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Vol. I AD 260–395, Cambridge University Press (1971)
- Linda Jones Hall, Roman Berytus: Beirut in late antiquity (2004)
