Al-Suqaylabiyah
al-Suqaylabiyah
السقيلبية | |
|---|---|
  al-Suqaylabiyah Location in Syria | |
| Coordinates: 35°22′11″N 36°22′48″E / 35.36972°N 36.38000°E | |
| Country | Syria |
| Governorate | Hama |
| District | Suqaylabiyah |
| Subdistrict | Suqaylabiyah |
| Control |  Syrian transitional government |
| Population (2004) | |
• Total | 17,313 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| • Summer (DST) | +3 |
Al-Suqaylabiyah (Arabic: السقيلبية, romanized: al-Suqaylabīya) is a city in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate. It is located about 48 kilometers (30 mi) from Hama and overlooks the Ghab Valley. According to the 2004 official census, the town had a population of 17,313. Its inhabitants are largely Greek Orthodox Christians.
The city owes its name to the ancient Seleucid city founded in its vicinity, but modern al-Suqaylabiyah was established in the mid to late 19th century, during the late Ottoman period, by Greek Orthodox Christians from the Hauran and villages of the Syrian coastal mountains and foothills. Travelers in the c. 1880s made note of its prosperity. During the French Mandatory period (1920s–1943), it was noted as a large village with quality wheat and, rare for the Hama region, its lands were owned by its residents rather than the urban elites of Hama.
Al-Suqaylabiyah developed significantly in the 1960s as a result of the land reclamation projects in the Ghab Valley and became the administrative center of the newly-formed Ghab District in 1964, attaining city status in the process. The city serves as a major agricultural and commercial center for its area, connecting communities in the coastal mountains with the major cities of Syria's interior plain.
Geography
[edit]The old center of al-Suqaylabiyah sits on a hill with an elevation of about 300 meters (980 ft) above sea level, located in the northwestern section of the Hama Governorate, about 48 kilometers (30 mi) from the governorate capital of Hama. The city overlooks the Ghab Valley and is a commercial center connecting the communities of the Syrian Coastal Mountain Range with the country's interior plains.[1]
In its latest master plan, al-Suqaylabiyah consisted of over 450 hectares. Its districts or neighborhoods were the Old Town, Sahm al-Baydar, Sultaniya, al-Tell, al-Souq, al-Abra and Ayn al-Barada.[1] Sahm al-Baydar is the largest district, lying to the city's south along the road to Hama. Sultaniya lies along the southwestern edge of al-Suqaylabiyah. The Old Town and al-Tell form the old center of the city and contain a number of archaeological remains, including Roman-era olive presses. Along the latter two districts' southern and southwestern edge is al-Souq ('the Market'), where residents of the surrounding communities sell their dairy and produce and buy goods. Most government offices, the public hospital and schools are located in the Abra district.[2]
History
[edit]The name goes back to the ancient Seleucia ad Belum, a town of Hellenistic foundation that was located almost at the same place.[2] The site was abandoned during the Middle Ages.
Ottoman period
[edit]Al-Suqaylabiyah was listed as a khirba (deserted or ruined village) in 1838.[3] The modern town was established at a later point in the 19th century by Greek Orthodox Christians who had emigrated from the Hauran region in southern Syria in the late 18th century to escape persecution by Ottoman authorities. The emigrants had first settled in Ayn al-Kurum, in the foothills of the largely Alawite-inhabited Coastal Mountain Range, before moving down to the site of al-Suqaylabiyah. The Hauranis were joined by several Christian families originally from the Coastal Mountain Range,[4] including from the villages of Ayn al-Kurum, Maradash, Anab, Dabbash and Arnaba.[2] According to a late 20th-century local authority, Ghaith al-Abdallah, the Christian emigrants of these villages had gathered and decided together to settle the tell (archaeological mound) of al-Suqaylabiyah, trading the high mountains, lush forests and hunting grounds, fertile gardens and copious springs of their original homes for the impregnability and strategic location of their new home.[5]
During the 1860 civil conflict in Syria, local Bedouin tribes attacked al-Suqaylabiyah.[6] In 1879, the German orientalist Eduard Sachau visited al-Suqaylabiyah during a tour of the Hama region and noted it was a Christian village crowning a flat, round hilltop. Its leader was Sheikh Rustum and the village contained 100 houses and 200 riflemen.[7] The Swiss historian Max van Berchem was hosted by its sheikh in 1885 and he described al-Suqaylabiyah as a large Orthodox Christian village perched on a mound with a wealthy and prosperous appearance. The sheikh's house was described as being surrounded by huts which formed the outbuildings of his residence; the complex was enclosed by a high wall of beaten earth with a crennelated top.[8] The sheikh who hosted van Berchem was likely Sheikh S'ayyid, one of the village's leaders at that time; the other was Sheikh Ilyas.[9]
French Mandatory period
[edit]In 1921, during the north Syrian revolts against French rule (which began soon after the Ottomans were driven from Syria in 1918), the villagers of al-Suqaylabiyah resisted incursions and raids by local bands of rebels.[5] The local historian Wasfi Zakariyya, writing in the 1920s, described al-Suqaylabiyah as a village of 2,000 people with white houses. Its inhabitants were Orthodox Christians belonging to the Church of Antioch and resembled their coastal mountaineer neighbors in their Arabic dialect, clothing and beauty. The quality of their wheat was locally acclaimed and its seeds were used by most of the wheat-growing villages of the Hama region.[10] In 1933, al-Suqaylabiyah was a relatively large village of 3,400 inhabitants.[4] It, along with the large Orthodox Christian villages of Mhardeh and Kafr Buhum and the Sunni Muslim village of Suran, were the only localities in Hama's kaza (district) whose lands were not owned by the feudal urban elites of Hama.[4]
Post-Syrian independence
[edit]Syria became independent in 1946. Beginning around 1950 and accelerating after 1960, al-Suqaylabiyah underwent significant urban expansion, largely owing to the major drainage and land reclamation project in the Ghab Valley.[1][2] In 1964, it was made the center of the new Ghab District (al-Suqaylabiyah District), transitioning from village to city status in the process.[2] The city was connected to the electric grid in 1965. In 1967, the first regulatory plan was issued for the city by the central government and the most recent master plan issued (as of 2009) was in 2003.[1]
Just before Christmas 2024, it was reported that arsonists had set fire to the Christmas tree in the town.[11]
Economy
[edit]A significant component of the population is engaged in agricultural production and the major crops are wheat, cotton, sugar beets, vegetables and legumes. The city's grain is processed in its own facilities, while its beets are sold through the sugar factory at Tell Salhab and its cotton is processed through the gins in Hama. Its poultry and fish farms serve the needs of the city and the surrounding villages. Other sources of employment include industry, trade and services. Before the civil war at least, al-Suqaylabiyah drew domestic and other Arab tourists attracted to its proximity to the Roman–Byzantine ruins of Apamea, the medieval castles of Qalaat al-Madiq and Abu Qubays, and the Nahr al-Bared springs. In 2009, the city had over 100 physicians, a 120-bed public hospital and two private hospitals: Al-Kindi and the Surgery and Obsetrics Hospital.[1]
Places of worship
[edit]In 2014, there were two churches in al-Suqaylabiyah, the Church of St. Peter and the Church of St. Paul. There was also the Monastery of the Dormition of the Lady.[2] In July 2020, the Syrian government announced a plan to build a replica of the Hagia Sophia in al-Suqaylabiyah with Russian assistance as a reaction to its transformation into a mosque by Turkish authorities.[12] Two years later, in July 2022, a missile attack during the church inauguration ceremony claimed two lives and left a dozen others injured.[13]
Climate
[edit]| Climate data for Suqaylabiyah (Hurat Ammurin) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 12.1 (53.8) |
14.5 (58.1) |
18.2 (64.8) |
23.5 (74.3) |
29.2 (84.6) |
33.7 (92.7) |
35.2 (95.4) |
35.5 (95.9) |
32.9 (91.2) |
28.2 (82.8) |
21.2 (70.2) |
13.3 (55.9) |
24.8 (76.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 8.1 (46.6) |
9.5 (49.1) |
12.5 (54.5) |
16.3 (61.3) |
20.8 (69.4) |
25.2 (77.4) |
27.2 (81.0) |
27.2 (81.0) |
24.1 (75.4) |
19.7 (67.5) |
14.1 (57.4) |
9.1 (48.4) |
17.8 (64.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 4.0 (39.2) |
4.5 (40.1) |
6.5 (43.7) |
9.3 (48.7) |
12.5 (54.5) |
16.8 (62.2) |
19.2 (66.6) |
18.8 (65.8) |
15.3 (59.5) |
11.1 (52.0) |
6.8 (44.2) |
4.8 (40.6) |
10.8 (51.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 115 (4.5) |
86 (3.4) |
68 (2.7) |
37 (1.5) |
16 (0.6) |
1 (0.0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
6 (0.2) |
19 (0.7) |
37 (1.5) |
117 (4.6) |
502 (19.7) |
| Source: FAO[14] | |||||||||||||
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Warda, Rameh (1 September 2009). ""السقيلبية".. مدينة المقاوم العنيد (Al-Suqaylabiyah: The City of Stubborn Resistance)". e-Syria (in Arabic). Retrieved 24 December 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Sultan, Nizar (15 October 2014). "Al-Suqaylabiyah: The Burning Flame of the Ghab with the Chimes of its Bells". e-Syria (in Arabic). Retrieved 24 December 2024.
- ^ Robinson & Smith 1841, p. 178.
- ^ a b c Comité de l'Asie française 1933, p. 132.
- ^ a b Sabour 2023, p. 98.
- ^ Douwes 2000, p. 38.
- ^ Sabour 2023, p. 96.
- ^ Sabour 2023, pp. 96–97.
- ^ Sabour 2023, p. 97.
- ^ Sabour 2023, pp. 97–98.
- ^ "Protests in Syria after Christmas tree set alight". BBC. Retrieved 2024-12-25.
- ^ "Russia to fund small-scale replica Hagia Sophia in Syria that will be used as a church". The Art Newspaper. 6 August 2020.
- ^ سوريا.. قتلى وجرحى بقصف استهدف حفل افتتاح كنيسة "آيا صوفيا" (in Arabic). Alhurra. 24 July 2022.
- ^ "World-wide Agroclimatic Data of FAO (FAOCLIM)". Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
Bibliography
[edit]- Comité de l'Asie française (April 1933). "Notes sur la propriété foncière dans le Syrie centrale (Notes on Landownership in Central Syria)". Bulletin du Comité de l'Asie française (in French). 33 (309). Comité de l'Asie française: 131–137.
- Douwes, Dick (2000). The Ottomans in Syria: A History of Justice and Oppression. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1860640311.
- Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
- Sabour, Bassam (2023). Genius loci der gebauten Umwelt in Syrien: Von der Kultur zur Architektur, dargestellt unter besonderer Verarbeitung traditioneller Beispiele aus der Region Ġāb (in German). Darmstadt: WBG Academic. ISBN 978-3-534-40802-3.
