Ancient lake
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (March 2015) |
An ancient lake is a lake that has consistently carried water for more than one million years. Twelve of the 20 ancient lakes have existed for more than 2.6 million years, the full Quaternary period. Ancient lakes continue to persist due to plate tectonics in an active rift zone. This active rift zone creates lakes that are extremely deep and difficult to naturally fill with sediment. Due to the prolonged life of ancient lakes, they serve as models for isolated evolutionary traits and speciation. Most of the world's bodies of water are less than 18,000 years old. There are only 20 ancient lakes over 1 million years old.[1]
Lake Baikal is often considered the oldest, as clear evidence shows that it is 25–30 million years old.[2][3] Lake Zaysan may be even older, of Cretaceous origin and at least 66 million years old[4] (most likely around 70 million years[5]), but its exact age is controversial and labeled with some uncertainty.[6] Another contender for oldest is Lake Maracaibo, estimated to be 20–36 million years old. In ancient times it was indisputably a true lake, but today it is saline and directly connected to the sea, leading many to consider it a large lagoon or bay.[7]
Ancient lakes vs. younger lakes
[edit]There are six major types of lakes (listed below). The majority of lakes dry up as the result of the filling with lacustrine deposits, sediment deposited from a river into a lake over thousands of years. Factors that influence the water level decreasing include fluvial-lacustrine sediment build-up, evaporation, natural drainage, and geophysical processes. Ancient lakes have a prolonged life when compared to younger, more ordinary lakes due to the local active rift zones and subsided sections of land called grabens.
For example, Lake Baikal in Russia, the deepest lake in the world, is an ancient lake created by the Baikal Rift Zone which is 25–30 million years old and 5,387 feet (1,642 m) deep. This is compared to the North American Great Lakes, which were formed by the last glacial period by glacial scouring and the pooling of meltwater which are 14,000 years old and have maximum depths ranging from 200–1,300 feet (60–400 m) deep.
- Rift lakes
- Landslide and ice dam lakes
- Salt lakes
- Oxbow lakes
- Crater lakes
- Glacial lakes
- Subglacial lakes
Formation of ancient lakes
[edit]Ancient lake formation is similar to that of a rift valley. Formation occurs within a graben that is located on an active rift zone. Grabens are sections of land, formed along divergent plate boundaries, which have subsided between two parallel plates. The location of the graben above the active rift zone results in a lake bottom that is constantly dropping in-depth and walls increasing in height.
Importance to evolution
[edit]Ancient lakes allow scientists to study the mechanisms of environmental changes over glacial-interglacial timescales. Evolutionary characteristics including sexual selection, adaptive radiation and punctuated equilibrium are studied in ancient lakes due to their prolonged existence and general geographic isolation. Most of the research has been associated with the endemic fauna and diatoms that exist in these isolated lakes, concentrating on Lake Baikal, the Caspian Sea and the African Great Lakes. Information is derived from the associations of the fluvial-lacustrine, fluctuating profundal and evaporative facies.
List of ancient lakes
[edit]These are the 20 ancient lakes in the world that have existed for more than 1 million years.[1]
| Name | Origin | Type | Age | Area (km2) |
Volume (km3) |
Depth max | Depth average | Countries | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lake Pingualuk | meteor impact | fresh, permanent, crater | 1.5 million | 8 | 267 | Canada | |||
| Lake Tahoe | tectonic | fresh, permanent | 1–2 million | 499 | 156 | 505 | 313 | United States | |
| Lake Bosumtwi | meteor impact | soda, permanent, crater | 1–2 million | 49 | 2.24 | 81 | 45 | Ghana | |
| Lake Lanao | volcanic | fresh, permanent | 2 million | 375 | 112 | 60.3 | Philippines | ||
| Lake Titicaca | tectonic | fresh, permanent | 3 million | 8372 | 893 | 281 | 107 | Bolivia, Peru | |
| Lake Prespa | tectonic | fresh, permanent | 1.5-5 million | 259 | 4.8 | 54 | 18.7 | Albania, Greece, North Macedonia | |
| Lake Ohrid | tectonic | fresh, permanent | 1.5-5 million | 358.18 | 53.63 | 286.7 | 163.71 | Albania North Macedonia | |
| Lake Malawi | tectonic | fresh, permanent | 2–5 million | 29600 | 8400 | 705 | 292 | Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania | |
| Lake Hovsgol | tectonic | fresh, permanent | 2–5 million | 2770 | 381 | 267 | 138 | Mongolia | |
| Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre | tectonic | saline, intermittent, endorheic | 2.5-5 million | 9690 | 30.1 | 6 | 3 | Australia | |
| Lake Tanganyika | tectonic | fresh, permanent | 3–6 million | 32000 | 17800 | 1471 | 572 | Burundi, Congo, Tanzania, Zambia | |
| Caspian Sea | tectonic | saline, permanent, endorheic | 5.5 million | 374000 | 78200 | 1025 | 182 | Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan | |
| Aral Sea | tectonic | saline, permanent | 5.5 million | 64500 | 625 | 67 | 16 | Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan | Formerly the fourth largest lake in the world with an area of 68,000 km2 (26,300 sq mi). By 1997, it had shrunk to 10% of its original size due to water that was diverted in the Soviet Era. It is now split into 4 smaller lakes. As of 2023, the Aral Sea has become mostly desert. |
| Lake Biwa | tectonic | fresh, permanent | 5–6 million | 674 | 27.5 | 104 | 41 | Japan | |
| Lake Tule | tectonic | fresh, permanent | 3–15 million | 53 | 40 | United States | |||
| Lake Maracaibo | tectonic | saline, permanent, coastal bay | 20+ million | 13010 | 280 | 60 | 25.9 | Venezuela | Historically it was an ancient lake. Now, it is a large tidal bay/inlet rather than a lake in the traditional sense. It is saline and directly connected to the Caribbean Sea, leading many to consider it a large lagoon or bay. |
| Lake Baikal | tectonic | fresh, permanent | 25+ million | 31500 | 23000 | 1741 | 740 | Russia | |
| Issyk-Kul | tectonic | saline, permanent | 25 million | 6236 | 1738 | 668 | 270 | Kyrgyzstan | |
| Lake Vostok | subglacial | fresh, permanent, subglacial | 15–35 million | 12500 | 5400 | 510 | 432 | Antarctica | |
| Lake Zaysan | tectonic | fresh, permanent | 65+ million | 5510 | 53 | 10 | 5 | Kazakhstan | The construction of the Bukhtarma dam inundated the lake, thus, in some sources, the lake is considered a reservoir.[8] |
References
[edit]- ^ a b Free, Christopher (April 23, 2016). "Ancient lakes of the world". Christopher M. Free. Archived from the original (website) on February 9, 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
Most of the hundreds of thousands of inland water bodies on our planet are less than 18,000 years old, but a few lakes and inland seas have existed continuously for more than 1 million years. I present a database of the 20 ancient lakes of the world.
- ^ "Lake Baikal – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". 1992–2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
Situated in south-east Siberia, the 3.15-million-ha Lake Baikal is the oldest (25 million years) and deepest (1,700 m) lake in the world. It contains 20% of the world's total unfrozen freshwater reserve.
- ^ "Lake Baikal: Protection of a unique ecosystem". ScienceDaily. 26 July 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
- ^ Lucas; Bray; Emry; Hirsch (2012). "Dinosaur eggshell and Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary in the Zaysan Basin, eastern Kazakhstan". Journal of Stratigraphy. 36 (2): 1376–1382. doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2011.09.220.
- ^ Dorfman, B.F. (2011). "Zaysan-the Only Surviving Cretaceous Lake-May be Lost". Procedia Environmental Sciences. 10 (B): 1376–1382. Bibcode:2011PrEnS..10.1376D. doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2011.09.220.
- ^ "The Oldest Lakes in the World". World Atlas. 25 August 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
- ^ "Lake Maracaibo – Lakes of the World". World Atlas. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
- ^ Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary, Moscow, 1980, p. 451.
- Stoermer, Eugene F.; Smol, J. P. (2001). The Diatoms: Applications for the Environmental and Earth Sciences. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP. pp. 209–212. ISBN 9780521582810. OCLC 39515848. Chapter 11.1–11.2.
- Wilke, Thomas, Risto Väinölä, and F. Riedel. Patterns and Processes of Speciation in Ancient Lakes: Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Speciation in Ancient Lakes, Berlin, Germany, September 4–8, 2006. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer, 2009. 126–28. Print.
- Vaillant, J. J., G. D. Haffner, and M. E. Cristescu. "The Ancient Lakes of Indonesia: Towards Integrated Research on Speciation." Integrative and Comparative Biology 51.4 (2011): 634–43. Web. Nov. 2015
- Carroll, Alan R.; Bohacs, Kevin M. (February 1, 1999). "Stratigraphic Classification of Ancient Lakes: Balancing Tectonic and Climatic Controls" (PDF). Geology. 27 (2): 99–102. Bibcode:1999Geo....27...99C. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0099:SCOALB>2.3.CO;2. Retrieved 20 January 2024.. Download from researchgate.net.
- Hoffmann, N., K. Reicherter, T. Fernández-Steeger, and C. Grützner. "Evolution of Ancient Lake Ohrid: A Tectonic Perspective." Biogeosciences 7.10 (2010): 3377–386. Web. Nov. 2015.
