Himara revolt of 1912
| Himara Revolt | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the First Balkan War | |||||||||
 Military developments in Himara (November 18–30, 1912). | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Greece |
 Independent Albania (after November 28, 1912) | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Spyros Spyromilios |
Ekrem bey Vlora | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||||
The Himara Revolt (Greek: Εξέγερση της Χειμάρρας), was a Greek uprising during the First Balkan War that took place in the region of Himara (Himarë, today southern Albania), on November 18 [O.S. November 5] 1912. It successfully overthrew the Ottoman forces of the region, thus securing the coastal area between Sarandë and Vlorë for the Hellenic Army.
Background
[edit]During the First Balkan War (1912-1913), the Epirus front was of secondary importance for Greece after the Macedonian front.[1] The landing in Himara, in the rear of the Ottoman Army was planned as an independent operation from the rest of the Epirus front. Its aim was to secure the advance of the Greek forces to the northern regions of Epirus. The success of such an initiative was primarily based on the superiority of the Greek navy in the Ionian Sea and the decisive support of the local Greek population.[2]
At early October 1912, Gendarmerie Major Spyros Spyromilios, a native of Himara, moved to the Greek island Corfu, opposite Himara. His mission was to organize groups of volunteers consisting of northern Epirus Greeks. He also received orders from the Greek government to communicate with the local Albanian beys of the surrounding regions.[2] This unit was later reinforced by additional 200 Greek volunteers from Crete (Cretan commanders Galeros, Papagiannakis and Polixigis) sent by General Konstantinos Sapountzakis, commander of the Greek army in Epirus front.[1]
Conflicts
[edit]End of Ottoman rule
[edit]
On November 15, urgent orders were received from the headquarters of the Hellenic Army for the immediate landing in the region of Himara.[2] The landing operation began at 07:30 am of November 18, at the bay of Spilia near the town of Himara. The disembarking volunteer force did not face any resistance. Immediately it was divided into two groups: The first group which consisted of local volunteers approached the town of Himara from the north, while the second group consisting of Cretans approached from the opposite direction.[3] As soon as the first group entered the town it came under fire from the headquarters of the local Ottoman administration, where the Ottoman guard was garrisoned.[3] Finally, after the arrival of the second group, a brief clash occurred which ended up with the surrender of the Ottomans.[3]
Immediately, after the town was secured, the head of the volunteer force, Spyros Spyromilios, raised the Greek flag in the former Ottoman headquarters, thus marking the end of the Ottoman administration.[3]
As soon as the news spread about the successful operation of the Greek force, armed inhabitants from the surrounding villages: Drymades, Kiparo, Palasa, Kudesi, Vouno appeared in Himara, declaring to Spyromilios that they will support him in his movement for the liberation of the area from the Ottoman Empire.[4]
Securing the region
[edit]In order to secure the control of the region against a possible counterattack, Spyromilios ordered the Cretan units to move immediately to the strategic location of the Llogara Pass.[5] The pass was located northwest of Himara and towards the direction of Vlore. Upon advancing to their new positions, the Cretan groups realized that a number of Ottoman Albanian irregulars were stationed there, while an attempt to push them out, in November 24, was unsuccessful.[5]
Spyromilios also suggested to the Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos that the coastal city of Vlorë should come under Greek control but the latter responded negatively in fear that this might trigger Italian military intervention.[6]
Albanian attacks against Himara were initiated after the Albanian Declaration of Independence in Vlorë, on November 28.[1] The representative of the Albanian provisional government, Ekrem Bey, sent a letter to Orthodox Greeks in Himarë ordering them to "affirm their allegiance to Albania or face destruction" and giving them three days to decide whether they desired to "live with the Albanians or die with the Greeks".[7] Nevertheless, the defenders managed to repel them and the area remained under Greek control until the end of the Balkan Wars.[1] In one occasion when the Greek headquarters expected full-scale attack in the area it ordered Spyromilios to retreat, however he rejected the order and remained in the region successfully organizing the local defence.[1]
Aftermath
[edit]Under the terms of the Protocol of Florence, signed on December 17, 1913, the region of Northern Epirus, in which Himarë was part was awarded to Albania. This decision triggered a series of events that lead to the proclamation of the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus in Gjirokastër by the local Greek population.[8]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Sakellariou, 1997: p. 367
- ^ a b c Paschalidou, 2014: p. 7
- ^ a b c d A Concise History of the Balkan Wars, 1912-1913, 1998: p. 167
- ^ Kaphetzopoulos, Flokas, Dima-Dimitriou, 2000, p. 46: As soon as news of the capture of Cheimarra by Greek troops spread, armed Christian inhabitants of the villages Drymades, Palasa, Vouno, Keparo, Kudhesi, appeared and declared to Major Spyromelios that they were prepared to assist in the liberation...
- ^ a b A Concise History of the Balkan Wars, 1912-1913, 1998: p. 168
- ^ Kondis, 1978, p. 93
- ^ Kinley, Christopher (3 September 2021). "The Balkan War in Epirus: Religious Identity and the Continuity of Conflict". Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies. 23 (5): 667–683. doi:10.1080/19448953.2021.1935077. ISSN 1944-8953. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
- ^ Pentzopoulos, Dimitri (2002). The Balkan exchange of minorities and its impact on Greece. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-85065-702-6.
Sources
[edit]- [Ed. committee: Dimitrios Gedeon, Hellenic Army General Staff, Army History Directorate. (1998). A Concise History of the Balkan Wars, 1912-1913 (1.udg. ed.). Athens: Hellenic Army General Staff. ISBN 9789607897077.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Kaphetzopoulos, Ioannis; Flokas, Charalambos; Dima-Dimitriou, Angeliki (2000). The struggle for Northern Epirus. Athens: Hellenic Army General Staff, Army History Directorate. ISBN 9789607897404.
- Kondis, Basil (1976). Greece and Albania: 1908-1914 (Thesis). Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies, New York University. doi:10.12681/eadd/4724.
- Paschalidou, Efpraxia S. (2014). "From the Mürzsteg Agreement to the Epirus Front, 1903-1913" (PDF). History Directorate, Hellenic Army General Staff. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
- Sakellariou, M. V. (1997). Epirus, 4000 Years of Greek history and Civilization. Athens: Ekdotike Athenon. ISBN 9789602133712.
External links
[edit]- Μεγάλη Στρατιωτική και Ναυτική Εγκυκλοπαιδεία (in Greek).