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The Fox News Channel (FNC) is an American basic cable and satellite news television channel that was founded by media mogul Rupert Murdoch in 1996. It competes as one of the top-three cable news networks in the United States, often leading its rivals MSNBC, and CNN.[1]

1990s

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Launch

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The channel was created by Australian-born American media mogul Rupert Murdoch, who hired Roger Ailes as its founding CEO. The channel was launched on October 7, 1996[2] to 17 million cable subscribers. Prior to founding Fox News, Murdoch had gained significant experience in the 24-hour news business when News Corporation's British Sky Broadcasting subsidiary started Europe's first 24-hour news channel, Sky News, in the United Kingdom in 1989.[3] With the success of his fourth network efforts in the United States,[4][5] experience gained from Sky News, and turnaround of 20th Century Fox, Murdoch announced on January 31, 1996, that his company would be launching a 24-hour news channel to air on both cable and satellite systems as part of a News Corporation (News Corp) "worldwide platform" for Fox programming, saying, "The appetite for news – particularly news that explains to people how it affects them – is expanding enormously."[6]

Exterior of the Fox News Channel studios in New York City

In February 1996, after former NBC executive and Republican Party political strategist[7] Roger Ailes left America's Talking (now MSNBC), Murdoch called him to start the Fox News Channel. Ailes worked individuals through five months of 14-hour workdays and several weeks of rehearsal shows before launch, on October 7, 1996.[8]

At launch, only 10 million households were able to watch Fox News, with none in the major media markets of New York City and Los Angeles. According to published reports, many media reviewers had to watch the first day's programming at Fox News' studios because it was not readily available. The rolling news coverage during the day consisted of 20-minute single topic shows like Fox on Crime or Fox on Politics surrounded by news headlines. Interviews had various facts at the bottom of the screen about the topic or the guest.

The debut Fox News anchors included Neil Cavuto and Tony Snow, but opinion programming quickly became the network's primary draw. The O'Reilly Report (1996–98, continued as The O'Reilly Factor 1998–17) and Hannity and Colmes (1996–2009) example the channel's debut programming schedule. The O'Reilly Report featured the conservative host Bill O'Reilly and was the network's top-rated program. Hannity and Colmes hosts, featured conservative Sean Hannity and liberal Alan Colmes, debating various daily news topics. Fox & Friends, a morning news section, debuted in 1998 and continues as a significant part of Fox News' daily programming. Fox News began using the slogan "fair and balanced" and officially adopted "We Report, You Decide" in 2008.[9]

2000s

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In the 2000 presidential election, Fox News, which was available in 56 million homes nationwide, saw a staggering 440% increase in viewers, the biggest gain among the three cable news television networks.[10]

Megyn Kelly, joined the channel in 2004 as a legal pundit and eventually got her own show, The Kelly File (2013–2017). Glenn Beck, joined the programming schedule in 2009 with his talk show, Glenn Beck (2009–11). Both enjoyed good ratings targeting the political policies of U.S. President Barack Obama.[11]

The “fair and balanced” began to come under criticism as the network continued to feature several high profile Republicans. It included Sarah Palin during her 2008 election vice presidential candidacy, former speaker of the House of Representatives Newt Gingrich, Mike Huckabee during his 2008 and 2016 presidential candidacies, and Rick Santorum during his 2012 and 2016 presidential bids. Fox News also supported the aspirations of the Tea Party movement with their presenters such as Glenn Beck often echoing Tea Party talking points.[12] The channel came under heavy scrutiny in 2010 when News Corporation donated $1 million to the Republican Governors Association.[11]

2010s

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In 2013, News Corporation was split into two publicly traded companies, with Fox Entertainment Group focusing on media, and 20th Century Fox focusing on publishing. Fox News was moved into the 20th Century Fox during the split.[13]

The Fox News opinion line-up adapted to President Donald Trump 2016 candidacy. Frequent popular pundits Tucker Carlson and Laura Ingraham began hosting their shows that were often directly with President Trump's campaign and presidency. Tucker Carlson Tonight (2016–2023) debuted in 2016 and The Ingraham Angle (2017-) debuted the following year and enjoyed high popularity with the Fox News audience.[11] This shift in editorial strategy led to tension between the news and opinion divisions at Fox News. Shepard Smith, who had been at Fox News since 1996 and lead anchor at the news division, left the network half way through his three-year contract in October 2019.[14]

On March 19, 2019, the day before The Walt Disney Company completed its acquisition of 21st Century Fox, Fox's news and sports channels were spun off into Fox Corporation.[15][16][17]

A series of lawsuits also dogged Fox News. Gretchen Carlson, claimed pervasive sexism Fox News and filed a sexual harassment against the CEO Roger Ailes. Ailes denied the allegations but resigned in that same month. 21st Century Fox settled the lawsuit, reportedly for $20 million, and issued a public apology.[18] Fox News also dropped its "Fair and Balanced" motto, replacing it with "Most Watched, Most Trusted" allegedly due to its ties with Ailes' leadership. "We Report, You Decide" was not officially dropped and occasionally makes appearances.[19] Bill O'Reilly was also accused in several sexual harassment lawsuits, though the Fox host denied any wrongdoing, O'Reilly and Fox News settled for more 32 million and he also left the channel soon after.[20]

2020s

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Fox News ended 2020 as the most-watched network in cable news history. However, in January 2021, after the U.S. Capitol attack, it was less watched than CNN and MSNBC for three straight days, which had not happened since September 2000.[21]

In August 2021, Fox required compulsory reporting of COVID-19 vaccination status from employees, despite prominent Fox personalities Tucker Carlson and Sean Hannity being opposed to mandatory reporting of COVID-19 vaccination status.[22]

Fox News host, Tucker Carlson's departure in April 2023 sent shares of Fox News parent Fox Corp. down more than 3 percent. In total, Carlson's show earned $77.5 million in ad revenue in 2022, according to Vivvixx data.[23]

Programming

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The Edge

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Hosted by Paula Zahn, The Edge was one of the original programs on the network, focusing on talk between the host and newsmakers, like other programs on the network at the time. During the program's later years, John Gibson became host when the network discovered Zahn was in the midst of contract negotiations with CNN. The show was cancelled in 2002.

The O'Reilly Factor

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On October 7, 1996, The O'Reilly Report aired its first episode, hosted by Bill O'Reilly. It was later renamed because of a suggestion by a friend. The O'Reilly Factor, unlike many other Fox News programs, was pre-recorded, or "live-to-tape", except when covering breaking news or special events. Some guests were interviewed before the "live-to-tape" period and were slotted in the program as appropriate. O'Reilly's producers said that video editing took place only when an interview exceeded the available length in a program, of which the total was 43 minutes (for an hour-long slot, once commercials and news breaks are added), though some critics suggested that interviews were sometimes edited after taping to suit O'Reilly's agenda.[24][25]

O'Reilly and his producers discussed potential topics twice a week.[26] A producer researched the story and booked guests for O'Reilly, and an information packet was produced with possible angles for O'Reilly to explore. The producers would often "pre-interview" the guest so that they know what potential points he or she might make.[27] For each show, O'Reilly, with the assistance of his staff, produced a script with the words for the "Talking Points Memo" and "Most Ridiculous Item of the Day" segments, and points of discussion and questions for the guests that appeared on the program. On February 2, 2009, the show began airing in high definition and moved to the previous set used by the Fox Report.

The show ended in 2017 after O'Reilly was dismissed from the network due to sexual harassment allegations, leading to a large advertiser boycott of the show.[28][29]

Your World with Neil Cavuto

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Debuting as the Cavuto Business Report on the network's launch in 1996, Your World with Neil Cavuto has become a very popular show, hosted by reporter and commentator Neil Cavuto. The program covers the latest business news stories of the day, in addition to giving analysis on how the stock market moved through the day. It also covers political stories, such as how political actions may affect the markets, in addition to analysis of the markets by a group of analysts from one of the Cost of Freedom business block programs. Closing the program, the show has a commentary segment called "Common Sense", in which Neil gives his point of view on a news story of the day. The program is broadcast live weekdays at 4 p.m. ET.

Hannity and Colmes

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FNC's Studio D for Your World and Malisong & Alfredo

Hannity & Colmes was an American television show on Fox News Channel, hosted by Sean Hannity[30] and Alan Colmes,[31] who respectively presented a conservative and liberal perspective. The series premiered in October 1996, and the final episode aired on January 9, 2009. It was the precursor to the current Hannity series, which currently airs in the same timeslot.

Fox Magazine

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Fox Magazine was launched in 1997 as a weekly newsmagazine on the Fox News Channel. Hosted by Laurie Dhue, the program was an almost weekly look into some of the previous week's stories, in addition to special series produced by the program itself, such as its constant series about Nashville. These shows mostly consisted of adverts from the Fox News program and the National Rifle Association of America. Included in the programming were a recap of the previous week's commentaries from a number of the network's commentators. The program would come to an end on September 11, 2005, with Dhue leaving the network to work on Geraldo at Large.

Fox and Friends

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Fox & Friends is a morning news show that debuted in 1998. It is currently hosted by Ainsley Earhardt, Steve Doocy, and Brian Kilmeade during the week. Weekends are hosted by Rachel Campos-Duffy, Pete Hegseth and Will Cain.

Drudge

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Drudge was a television series on Fox News Channel that was hosted by Matt Drudge. Drudge left the show in 1999 after network executives refused to let him show a National Enquirer photograph of a 21-week-old fetus in protest of abortion.[32]

References

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  1. ^ "Cable News Ratings 2023: Fox News Dominates, But MSNBC Is Only Major Network With Year-Over-Year Audience Growth". IMDb. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
  2. ^ American Public Media: News Archive for October 7, 1996 Archived December 9, 2004, at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ Shah, Saeed. (September 24, 2002) The Independent "Business Analysis: Unstoppable Sky machine rolls on as ITV troubles worsen Dawn Airey's free-to-air television experience will be invaluable to BSkyB as it moves beyond its pay-TV model". Section: Business; Page 21.
  4. ^ Schulberg, Pete. (July 15, 1994) The Oregonian "Fox is a business, if not artistic, success". Section: Television; Page E1.
  5. ^ Braxton, Greg. (April 6, 1997) Chicago Sun-Times "How Fox broke from the pack to become cutting-edge network".
  6. ^ Williams, Scott. (January 31, 1996) Associated Press "Murdoch taps Ailes for new network; Former CNBC chief set to direct 24-hour news channel, take on CNN".
  7. ^ Mifflin, Lawrie (October 7, 1996). "At the new Fox News Channel, the buzzword is fairness, separating news from bias". The New York Times. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
  8. ^ "News Corporation: FOX News Channel". News Corporation. April 18, 2008. Archived from the original on December 27, 2010. Retrieved April 21, 2008.
  9. ^ Brian Flood, Joseph Wulfsohn (October 6, 2021). "Fox News Channel celebrates 25 years on the air". Fox News. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
  10. ^ "Election gave cable news a wild ratings ride, but now it needs an encore.(Chicago Tribune)". Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service. December 19, 2000.
  11. ^ a b c "Britannica Money". Britannica. August 31, 2024. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
  12. ^ Zernike, Kate; Hulse, Carl; Knowlton, Brian (August 28, 2010). "At Lincoln Memorial, a Call for Religious Rebirth". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
  13. ^ "News Corp confirms plan to split the media giant". BBC News. June 28, 2012. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
  14. ^ Benveniste, Alexis (January 20, 2021). "Shep Smith breaks his silence about why he left Fox News | CNN Business". CNN. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
  15. ^ Littleton, Cynthia; Steinberg, Brian (March 18, 2019). "Fox Corporation Emerges as Standalone Entity, Paul Ryan Joins Board". Variety. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
  16. ^ Littleton, Cynthia (March 12, 2019). "Disney Sets March 20 Closing Date for 21st Century Fox Acquisition". Variety. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
  17. ^ Szalai, Georg; Bond, Paul (March 20, 2019). "Disney Closes $71.3 Billion Fox Deal, Creating Global Content Powerhouse". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
  18. ^ Aurthur, Kate (July 6, 2021). "Gretchen Carlson, Five Years After Her Lawsuit Brought Down Roger Ailes: 'We've Made Immense Progress' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
  19. ^ Grynbaum, Michael M. (June 14, 2017). "Fox News Drops 'Fair and Balanced' Motto". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
  20. ^ Steel, Emily; Schmidt, Michael S. (October 21, 2017). "Bill O'Reilly Settled New Harassment Claim, Then Fox Renewed His Contract". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
  21. ^ Baragona, Justin (January 11, 2021). "CNN and MSNBC Both Beat Fox News in Total Viewers for First Time Since 2000". The Daily Beast. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
  22. ^ Darcy, Oliver (August 18, 2021). "Fox News mandates employees disclose vaccination status, contradicting rhetoric from top stars". CNN Business. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
  23. ^ Zahn, Max (April 27, 2023). "How Tucker Carlson's exit could financially impact Fox Corporation, according to experts". ABC News. Archived from the original on April 26, 2023. Retrieved May 1, 2023.
  24. ^ "Greenroom Confessions – Boise weekly". 2005.
  25. ^ "Bill O'Reilly.com behind the scenes Q/A".
  26. ^ "Bostonia – BU alumni quarterly". 2001. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007.
  27. ^ "Accuracy in media report". 2003. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007.
  28. ^ Darcy, Oliver (May 12, 2017). "Bill O'Reilly talks about his firing from Fox News, promises 'exposition' to reveal 'organized left-wing cabal' soon". CNNMoney. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  29. ^ Treene, Alayna (April 6, 2017). "At least 56 companies have pulled ads from The O'Reilly Factor". Axios. Archived from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
  30. ^ "Sean Hannity Bio". Fox News. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved October 14, 2007.
  31. ^ Alan Colmes' Bio, Fox News October 10, 2002
  32. ^ Howard Kurtz (November 15, 1999). "The Going Gets Tough, and Matt Drudge Gets Going". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 16, 2000. Retrieved June 7, 2012.
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