Houma language
| Houma | |
|---|---|
| Uma | |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | Louisiana |
| Ethnicity | Houma people |
| Extinct | after 1907 |
| Revival | 2013 |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
07n | |
| Glottolog | None |
Houma (Houma: uma) is a Western Muskogean language that was spoken in the Central and Lower Mississippi Valley by the indigenous Houma people. There are currently no native speakers; however, efforts continue to bring the Houma language back to its people through a group of dedicated Houma persons and linguists, the Houma Language Project.[1][2]
The Indigenous Houma language is thought to have fallen out of use by the late 19th century due to European-American encroachment. In 1907, John R. Swanton interviewed an elderly Houma woman to collect vocabulary from the Houma language. As a result of a language shift that began during the French colonial period and trading in Louisiana, most Houma people today speak Louisiana French, while American English is also widely used. In light of their distinct society and isolated geography, as many as 3,000 mostly elderly people living on Houma tribal lands in the Lafourche Basin are believed to be monolingual speakers of French.[3] More recently, efforts have been made to collect vocabulary and grammar from elders to revitalize the language.[4]
Classification
[edit]Based on a list gathered by Swanton of seventy-five words and three sentences, linguists have concluded that the Houma spoke a Western Muskogean language (akin to Choctaw or Chickasaw).[5]
Phonology
[edit]The Houma Language Project reconstructs the following phoneme inventory:[citation needed]
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Back | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Short | Long | Nasal | Short | Long | Nasal | |
| High-close | i | iː | ĩ | u | uː | ũ |
| Mid-open | ɛ | ɛː | ɛ̃ | |||
| Low | a | aː | ã | |||
Consonants
[edit]| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | voiceless | p [p] | t [t] | tc [t͡ʃ] | k [k] | ‘ [ʔ] |
| voiced | b [b] | d [t] | ||||
| Fricative | f [f] | s [s] | lh [θ] | h [h] | ||
| Nasal | m [m] | n [n] | ||||
| Trill | ||||||
| Approximant | w [w] | l [l] | y [j] | |||
References
[edit]- ^ Berlin, Carly; Schreiber, Alana (2022-09-30). "From our Coastal Desk, a look at the Indigenous communities who call Louisiana home". WWNO. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
- ^ "Houma Today". www.houmatoday.com. Retrieved 2022-06-23.
- ^ Teasdale, Guillaume (2006). "BRASSEAUX, Carl A., French, Cajun, Creole, Houma: A Primer on Francophone Louisiana (Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press, 2005), 176 p." Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française. 59 (4): 519. doi:10.7202/013618ar. ISSN 0035-2357.
- ^ Kilpatrick, Mary. "Houmas search for native language". houmatoday.com. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
- ^ Brown, Cecil H.; Hardy, Heather K. (2000). "What Is Houma?". International Journal of American Linguistics. 66 (4): 521–548. doi:10.1086/466440. ISSN 0020-7071. JSTOR 1265848. S2CID 144088226.
Further reading
[edit]- Brown, Cecil H.; & Hardy, Heather K. (2000). What is Houma?. International Journal of American Linguistics, 66 (4), 521-548.
- Goddard, Ives. (2005). "The indigenous languages of the Southeast", Anthropological Linguistics, 47 (1), 1-60.