Kundwana
| Kunduana | |
|---|---|
| کندوآنہ | |
 Tomb of Kandu, ancestor of Kunduana Gujjars at Makiana village, Gujrat District, Punjab, Pakistan. Photo by Muhammad Afsar Khan | |
| Religions | Islam  |
| Languages | • Gojari • Punjabi • Urdu • Kashmiri • Hindi |
| Country | •  Pakistan•  India |
| Region | • Pakistani Punjab • Indian Punjab • Indian-administered Kashmir |
| Lineage | From Kandu, son of Murid who lived in Makiana Village, Gujrat District, Subah of Lahore, Mughal India in c. 16th century CE. |
| Related groups | • Handuana • Aakia • Gajgahia |
Kunduana, (Urdu: کندوآنہ) or Kundwana[1][2] is a Muslim offshoot of the Khatana clan of the Gurjars found in Pakistan and India.
Spelling variations
[edit]Kunduana has following spelling variations: Kanduana, Kundwana, Kunduana and Kundoana. Keeping in view the name of Kandu, their ancestor, spelling Kanduana seem to be more correct but odd to pronounce hence Kundwana, Kunduana or Kundoana.
Definition
[edit]A Kunduana is a descendant of Kandu, a leading Gujjar belonging to early modern period of Gujrat, Pakistan around the time when Akbar inhabited the Gujrat City in 1580 CE.[3]
Lineage
[edit]The ancestor of Kunduanas was Kandu, a resident of Makiana village in Gujrat district, Punjab, Pakistan. His tomb is also situated in the same village. His grave has withstood the revolution of time despite that the area of Gujrat fell pray to anarchy during the years between Mughal Empire and Sikh Empire. "Situated as it is with the Imperial Road, the whole tract was sacked and ravaged again and again, the towns and villages burnt and pillaged, taken and retaken by the various armies passing and repassing," writes Captain A Elliott, former deputy commissioner of Gujrat.[4]
Kandu's tomb
[edit]Whenever a male child was born in a Kunduana family, they used to make offering of Ghugu Goray (fired clay horses) at the tomb of their forefather Kandu. The first head shave of the boy was also performed at the tomb. If for any reason, the boy could not be taken to the tomb immediately, a bunch of hair on his head was left unshaved. This bunch of hair was only shaved when the boy was taken to the tomb subsequently.
Kandu's grave had disappeared from the earth's surface by the revolution of time. Around 2008, it was rediscovered when digging for laying down natural gase pipelines was done. The grave was identified with the help of Ghugu Goray found on it.
Early modern period
[edit]Mughal Empire
[edit]During the reign of Mughal emperors, when the modern day Gujrat District was part of Subah of Lahore, the Ilaqa of Gujrat had three Parganas. Out of these, the Pargana of Gujrat had eight Tappas. One of these Tappas was named after the ancestor of Kunduanas and called Tappa of Kandu.[5] This Tappa had six Topes[6] and 320 villages out of which 209 were Uslee (original) and 111 Dakhlee (internal).[7] Alamgir II was the last Mughal emperor having sway over Gujrat District.[8] The following were the district administration subdivisions under the Mughal emperors:
- Ilaqa (علاقہ)[9] -- headed by Fauzdar (administrative head), Amalguzar (revenue collector) and Kotwal (responsible for maintenance of law and order, the trial of criminal cases, and price regulation).
- Pargana (پرگنہ) or Taraf (طرف) [8][10] -- headed by Shiqdar (police chief at the Pargana level who also had to perform duties of Kotwal) and Amin (revenue collector).
- Tappa (تپہ) -- manned by Tapedar (treasurer), Qanungo (keeper of land record) and Bitikchis (clerks). Its head might have the same powers as the modern day Tapedar in Sindh. A Tappa during the Mughal rule corresponded to a Zail under the Sikh Empire and British Raj.[11]
- Tope (توپ) -- headed by a Chaudhry.[5]
- Mauza (موضع) -- manned by Muqaddam (head of the village), Patwari (performing the duties of an accountant) and Chowkidar (watchman).
The Tappa of Kandu (Mughal India) had six Topes,[12] detail of which is as follows:
| Tope | Existing name | Villages in the Tope | Existing name |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aminpur Ibrahim alias Soi Paswal | ? | (i) Chak Sikandar
(ii) Kotla Chaudhari Feroz Khan |
(i) ?
(ii) ? |
| Udho Korsi alias Dhauria Sardar Qamar Singhwala | Dhoria | (i) Bhago Wadala
(ii) Barnali Bhai Majja Singhwali |
(i) Bhago
(ii) Barnali |
| Randhir | Randhir | (i) Chillianwali | (i) Chillianwala |
| Khwaspur | Khawaspur | (i) Nandowal | (i) Nindowal |
| Daulatanagar | Daulat Nagar | (i) Alamgirpur Khaman
(ii) Fatehpur |
(i) ?
(ii) Fatehpur |
| Murida Makyana | Makiana | (i) Devana
(ii) Sadhri |
(i) Deona
(ii) Saidhry |
Durrani Empire
[edit]After the Mughal Empire, Gujrat District went under the Durrani Empire.
Sikh Confederacy
[edit]After the Durrani Empire, Gujrat District went under the Sikh Confederacy.
Sikh Empire
[edit]During the Sikh Empire, administrative unit Pargana was replaced with Ilaqa while Tappa was renamed as Zail and number of Ilaqas and Zails was increased as compared to their previous counterparts. The Zails were made when Ranjit Singh assumed direct government, by his astute ministers Fakir Nuruddin and Fakir Azizuddin.[13] The name of Kandu was not carried forward in the newly formed Zails. The only available list of the Zails during the Sikh Empire is the one which stood immediately before the advent of the British Raj. This list does not show any Zail with the name of Kandu. However, many Kunduanas were appointed as Zaildars during the Sikh Empire.[13] The district administration units under the Sikh Empire were as follows:
- Pargana (پرگنہ) -- was under an official known as Kardar.
- Taluka (تعلقہ)
- Ilaqa (علاقہ)
- Zail (ذیل),[5] was headed by a Zaildar.
- Mauza (موضع), was headed by a Chaudhry or Muqaddam.
Modern period
[edit]East India Company rule
[edit]After decline of the Sikh Empire, the present-day Gujrat District went under the control of Bengal Presidency with capital at Calcutta.
British Raj
[edit]The British Raj adopted the administrative unit Zail introduced by the Sikh Empire.[14]
Pakistan
[edit]In Pakistan, Kunduana offshoot is found in Gujrat, Gujranwala, Lahore, Faisalabad, Chakwal, Sialkot, Sahiwal, Sargodha, Hafizabad, Narowal, Bahawalpur, Multan, Bahawalnagar and Sheikhupura districts of Punjab.
India
[edit]In India, Kunduanas reside mainly in the Punjab and the Indian-administered Kashmir. In Punjab, five villages have only Kunduanas. In Kashmir, they are found in the tehsil of Srinagar.[15]
Religion
[edit]The majority of Kunduanas are Muslim. The Muslim population of Kunduanas live predominantly in Pakistan.
References
[edit]- ^ Vidya Prakash Tyagi (2009). Martial Races Of Undivided India. p. 239.
- ^ Nasir Khan, Solangi (2012). Tareekh-e-Solanki (in Sindhi). Sindhu publications. p. 78.
- ^ Elliott Capt, A. c (1902). The Chronicles Of Gujrat. Deputy Controller, Printing and Stationery Department, Punjab. pp. 16 and 18.
- ^ Elliott Capt, A. c (1902). The Chronicles Of Gujrat. Deputy Controller, Printing and Stationery Department, Punjab. p. 27.
- ^ a b c Luard, C. E. (1893). Gujrat District Gazetteer.
- ^ J. S. Grewal; Indu Banga, eds. (20 December 2015). Early Nineteenth-Century Panjab. London: Routledge India. pp. 52, 53. doi:10.4324/9781315660394. ISBN 978-1-315-66039-4.
- ^ "Report on the revised settlement of the Gujarat district in the Rawalpindee division (Page_19)". INDIAN CULTURE. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
- ^ a b Elliott Capt, A. c (1902). The Chronicles Of Gujrat. Deputy Controller, Printing and Stationery Department, Punjab.
- ^ "علاقہ", Wiktionary, 30 December 2021, retrieved 5 August 2023
- ^ https://data-flair.training/blogs/decline-of-the-mughal-empire/ See section 'Administration' for Taraf.
- ^ Shahan-e-Gujjar (Urdu), by Maulvi Abdul Malik, Second Edition 1986, p. 439
- ^ J. S. Grewal; Indu Banga, eds. (20 December 2015). Early Nineteenth-Century Panjab. London: Routledge India. p. 53. doi:10.4324/9781315660394. ISBN 978-1-315-66039-4.
- ^ a b "Report on the revised settlement of the Gujarat district in the Rawalpindee division". INDIAN CULTURE. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ Waterfield, W. G. (1874). Report on the Second Regular Settlement of the Gujrat District, Panjab. Central Jail Press.
- ^ "Gujjars, Bakarwals demand Gujaristan in J&K". ExpressIndia.com (The Indian Express Group of Newspapers). 29 July 2002. Archived from the original on 20 February 2005. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
External links
[edit]- Gujjars, the hill people of Kashmir WebIndia123 website