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List of bus operator companies in Indonesia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of bus companies in Indonesia.

In Indonesia, long-distance buses are categorized into 2 types, namely "intercity bus within the province" (Indonesian: Antarkota Dalam Provinsi or AKDP) and "intercity interprovince bus" (Antarkota Antarprovinsi or AKAP). There are many bus companies that exist, numbering up to thousands of companies.[1]

Sudiro Tungga Jaya AKDP PATAS Surabaya–Magetan (Oktober_2022)

Inter-city buses

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Sinar Jaya AKAP Surabaya–Jakarta (2022)
Efisiensi

Bus rapid transit

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TransJakarta at Harmoni Central


Trans Pakuan Bus in Selter 2 Tugu Narkoba, 2021
Electric bus in Medan, North Sumatra, operated by Blue Bird Group

City buses company

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Kopaja (Koperasi Angkutan Jakarta), a city bus of Jakarta

Greater Jakarta

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Active operator

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Former operator

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  • APTB (Angkutan Perbatasan Terintegrasi Bus Transjakarta)
  • ARH (Arief Rahman Hakim)
  • Arion
  • BKTB (Bus Kota Terintegrasi Bus Transjakarta)
  • Himpurna
  • Garuda Mas
  • Medal Sekarwangi
  • Pahala Kencana
  • SMS
  • TAVIP

Greater Surabaya

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The bumper color on each regular city bus unit in Surabaya shows the class identity of the bus. The dark blue bumper is used by the economy bus unit, while the red-orange bumper is used by the patas bus unit. However, the AC patas bus unit does not use this identity, but maintains the original bumper produced by the bodywork company.
  • AKAS NR
  • Dua Putra
  • Estraa Mandiri
  • Indrapura 88
  • Mandala
  • Mandiri
  • Perum DAMRI
  • Rodta
  • Sabar Indah
  • Sari Indah

Medan

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Passenger and freighter

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Tourist bus

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City tour bus

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Bandros (Bandung Tour On The Bus), city tour bus in Bandung
Jakarta Doubledecker Tourist Bus at Sarinah Thamrin (cropped)
  • Bajajalanan (Banjarmasin)
  • Balikpapan City Tour
  • Bandros (Bandung)
  • Bus Tram Batavia
  • Jakarta City Tour
  • Jawara (Tangerang)
  • Jogja Heritage Track (Yogyakarta)
  • Mabour (Madiun)
  • Macito (Malang)
  • Mpok Siti (Jakarta)
  • Si Kenang (Semarang)
  • Suroboyo City Tour (Surabaya)
  • Surabaya Heritage Track
  • SSCT (Surabaya)
  • Uncal (Bogor)
  • Werkudara City Tour (Surakarta)

Other companies

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A tourist bus from PO Budiman

Others

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City bus in Surabaya

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Surabaya City has a number of public transportation services in the form of regular city bus by several bus companies, both owned by BUMN and private, which operate in accordance with the route permit from the Surabaya City Transportation Agency or the East Java Traffic and Road Transportation Agency (DLLAJ). The service has been operating since July 20, 1975, replacing the function of tram as the main public transportation at that time.

In the early 2010s, the population of regular city buses continued to decline along with the number of units that were no longer roadworthy and the emergence of various online transportation services in this city. The existence of regular city buses has also been eroded by the start of various road-based mass transportation (bus rapid transit) services in the city since mid-2015, such as Trans Gerbangkertosila (known as Trans Sidoarjo), Suroboyo Bus, Trans Semanggi Suroboyo and Trans Jatim. Until 2017, the population of regular city buses with various chassis (frames) and bodies reached 274 units spread across twenty different route lines.

Early September 2022, the state-owned operator Perum DAMRI officially stopped all operations of its regular city buses, so that all remaining regular city bus services were only operated by several private bus companies. There are a total of 38 buses from several bus companies such as PO Estraa Mandiri, PO Ladju, PO Akas NR, PO Dua Putra, etc., which provide services on two economy routes, two express routes and one AC express route. These routes connect Terminal Purabaya or Terminal Larangan (Sidoarjo) in the south of the city with several public transportation infrastructures in the north of the city such as Terminal Bratang, Terminal Joyoboyo or Jembatan Merah Plaza (JMP).

History and development

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Tram feeder buses

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Main article: Trams in Surabaya
A row of tram feeder buses parked in front of Wonokromo Kota Station, 1936.

City bus services have been present in Surabaya as feeder buses or pick-up buses for tram passengers belonging to the Oost-Java Stoomtram Maatschappij (OJS) company since 1889. Many bus units were placed at several tram stop infrastructure such as Wonokromo Kota Station, Willemplein, and Ujung. As the golden age of trams faded, the Surabaya City Government began to stop all tram operations in 1969. As a result, tram feeder buses changed status to become the main mode of public transportation in the city.[2][3][4][5][6][7]

Pioneer city bus of Perum DAMRI

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A queue of regular city buses owned by Perum DAMRI with Tata LP1210 chassis on the Joyoboyo–Jembatan Merah route at the Joyoboyo Terminal platform, 1991.

After the tram operation stopped, the Surabaya City Government began a project to establish and procure regular city bus services bound to fixed routes, in collaboration with the pioneer operator Perum DAMRI. The regular city bus service by Perum DAMRI was officially launched on July 20, 1975 with twenty large buses produced by Robur. Along with the increasing public interest, Perum DAMRI began to increase the number of buses by fifty units in 1976 and 92 units in 1978. Until 1982, the city bus routes increased to nine and were served by 168 buses.[8][9][10][11] The nine newest city bus routes are:

  • Joyoboyo–Red Bridge via Darmo
  • Joyoboyo–Red Bridge via Diponegoro
  • Joyoboyo–Tanjung Perak
  • Kutisari–Demak Road
  • Aloha–Red Bridge
  • Kutisari–Karang Menjangan
  • Demak Road–Karang Menjangan
  • Aloha–Heroes Monument via Darmo
  • Aloha–Heroes Monument via Diponegoro.

Double-decker buses

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In 1981, Perum DAMRI began operating five double-decker bus routes using buses produced by Leyland Motors. A year later, Perum DAMRI added two new routes, along with the inauguration of the patas class city bus service. By 1983, the number of double-decker bus routes had increased to ten different routes. After operating for eight years, all double-decker bus operations were stopped since 1989. One of the contributing factors was the infrastructure on arterial roads that still did not support the operation and affordability of double-decker bus transportation. All bus units belonging to the double-decker bus were finally replaced with regular buses.[8][9][10][11]

RMB Bus

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Former regular RMB city bus units with Hino RKT chassis and Tugasanda bodies parked in the Perum DAMRI garage, 2017. One form of improving regular city bus services from the Perum DAMRI operator in the early 2000s was the operation of new method route buses (RMB). The fundamental difference between RMB buses and other buses is that there are various improvements and improvements in service quality such as the addition of interior facilities, security systems, passenger capacity, departure schedules, distances between departures (headway), stopping points (stops), payment methods, crew competence, and payroll systems. The RMB bus was designed as a pilot project to improve the quality of other routes. This RMB bus is the beginning of the development of city buses with air conditioning (AC) facilities, so that later these bus units are better known as AC patas city buses.[12][13]

AC patas bus

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A row of used frames of regular AC patas city buses with Mercedes-Benz OH1521 chassis and Rahayu Sentosa Celcius bodies are being parked in the garage of Perum DAMRI Surabaya, 2022.

As of July 5, 2007, Perum DAMRI has begun to gradually rejuvenate regular patas class city buses using patas class units with facilities air conditioning (AC) and automatic doors. The initial stage was carried out by replacing twenty regular city buses on route P1 with city buses on route PAC1. Following on April 3, 2012, ten regular city buses on route P8 were also replaced with city buses on route PAC8.[14][15]

Women's bus

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A special bus unit for women with a Mercedes-Benz OF1113 chassis and a Trisakti Mini Titan GX body parked in the Perum DAMRI Surabaya garage, March 19, 2015.

As of April 30, 2012, the Surabaya City Government in collaboration with Perum DAMRI began operating a special regular city bus service for women or called a women's bus. The service aims to minimize cases of sexual harassment and criminal acts against women in public transportation. The number of units provided by Perum DAMRI for the service is thirteen large buses. As of July 2, 2012, the women's bus began operating using six buses on the PAC1 route. Low passenger occupancy has resulted in the number of buses operating continuing to be reduced. Until July 13, 2012, only four women's buses were operating. Ineffective operations and the absence of feedback in the form of evaluations and long-term plans from the Surabaya City Government caused this service to slowly stop operating. The women's bus units began to function again as regular city buses by transporting passengers of various genders.[16][17][18][19][20]

BRT Trans Sidoarjo

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Former Trans Sidoarjo bus units with Hino RK8 R260 chassis and Laksana Discovery bodies parked in the Perum DAMRI Surabaya garage, 2022.

Perum DAMRI in collaboration with the Sidoarjo Regency Government inaugurated the Trans Sidoarjo service (as part of the development of the Trans Gerbang Kertasusila agglomeration transportation) with a total of thirty large buses with a high deck design (highdeck) assisted by the Ministry of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia (Kemenhub RI) on September 21, 2015.[21] Trans Sidoarjo is a transportation system based on bus rapid transit (BRT) using fast, cheap and air-conditioned (AC) buses in the area around Sidoarjo. The Trans Sidoarjo route connects Purabaya Terminal with Porong Terminal via Toll Road, Terminal Larangan and Tanggulangin. Low passenger occupancy has caused Perum DAMRI to suffer losses, so it has gradually reduced the number of operating buses to ten units. Since the PPKM due to the Covid-19 pandemic, Trans Sidoarjo has stopped operating. In 2020, all Trans Sidoarjo bus units were converted to regular city bus routes PAC4 and PAC8.[22][23][24][25][26]

End of Perum DAMRI operations

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[[File: :Spanduk pemberhentian operasional bus kota Perum DAMRI di Surabaya (2022).jpg|thumb|The appearance of a notification banner regarding the termination of regular city bus operations by Perum DAMRI is displayed on the Purabaya Terminal platform, 2022.]] Based on a copy of the letter from the Land Transportation Observation Center (BPTD), as of September 1, 2022, Perum DAMRI has officially stopped all UABK or regular city bus services in Surabaya on the three routes it owns.[27][28] This operational cessation moment is twelve days after the inauguration of Trans Jatim on August 19, 2022 and two days before the fuel price increase on August 3, 2022.[29][30] Previously, Perum DAMRI was the sole operator on two regular city bus routes from the Purabaya Terminal such as the P4/PAC4 and P8/PAC8 routes. In addition, Perum DAMRI is one of the regular city bus operators for the P3/PAC3 route from Terminal Larangan, together with PO Estraa Mandiri, PO Akas NR and PO Ladju.[31][32]

Several news reports from the mass media stated that Perum DAMRI will reactivate regular city bus services on the P4/PAC4 route on the Purabaya-Tanjung Perak route via the Toll Road which still has passenger occupancy. The route of the route is planned to be extended (extension) to Bangkalan Terminal.[33][34] The discourse on extending the route had previously surfaced in 2009, but had not been realized.[35] The discourse will be implemented at the end of 2022, when Perum DAMRI has received a grant in the form of 34 electric bus units produced by PT INKA after the G20 Summit in Bali ends.[36][37]

Differences with modern city buses

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The appearance of regular city bus units from several different bus companies and modern city bus units Suroboyo Bus owned by the Purabaya City Government parked on the Purabaya Terminal platform, 2021.

Before bus rapid transit (BRT) was present in Indonesia, all city bus services generally still adopted a conventional (regular) management system and were similar to intercity bus services.[38] In 2004, it was only Transjakarta is present in Jakarta City as the first modern city bus service based on road-based mass transportation and implementing BRT standards on an integrated corridor network.[39][40] The implementation of these standards is a differentiator between Transjakarta as a modern city bus with several services such as Kopaja, MetroMini, Koantas Bima, Kopami, Miniarta, Kowanbisata, etc. as regular city buses or non-corridor city buses that already existed.[41][42] The success of the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government in organizing public transportation with the Transjakarta service has become a pilot model for several local governments in implementing modern city buses in other big cities such as Trans Jogja (2008), Trans Semarang (2009), Batik Solo Trans (2010), Trans Musi (2010), Trans Sarbagita (2011), etc. The local government has started implementing a modern city bus operational scheme by converting regular city buses into modern city buses, or maintaining the existence of regular city buses.[43][44]

In comparison with other big cities in Indonesia, the development of urban bus modes in Surabaya is relatively static and slower.[45] However, Surabaya is the only city in East Java that still maintains regular city bus services, after similar services in Jember City were deactivated in 2007–2008.[46] In the period between 1975–2015, regular city buses were still one of the main modes of public transportation within the city (besides transportation city and public passenger cars) that are able to survive and dominate the route network connecting strategic points in the city such as Purabaya Terminal, Larangan Terminal (Sidoarjo), Joyoboyo Terminal, Bratang Terminal, Jembatan Merah Plaza (JMP), Semut Station, Tanjung Perak Port (Ujung Baru) and Tambak Osowilangon Terminal.[47] However, the era of the glory of regular city buses began to decline and degrade since the 2010s, along with the start of the operation of online transportation services and several modern city bus services or BRT in this city such as Trans Sidoarjo (2015), Suroboyo Bus (2018), Trans Semanggi Suroboyo (2021) and Trans Jatim (2022).[48][49] As of September 2022, the population of regular city buses has shrunk to less than fifty units, spread across only four routes such as routes D, F, P3/PAC3 and P5.[50]

Route lines and service operators

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Service classes

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The bumper color on each regular city bus unit in Surabaya indicates the travel class identity on the bus. Dark blue bumpers are used by economy bus units, while red-orange bumpers are used by patas bus units. However, AC patas bus units do not use this identity, but instead maintain the original bumpers produced by the bodywork company.

Regular city bus services in Surabaya are divided into three levels of travel class based on differences in accommodation quality. The order of service classes from the lowest is economy, patas, and AC patas. Economy buses only have routes on arterial roads in the city, the fare is cheaper than the class above it, and can accommodate standing passengers (if the seat capacity is full). The express bus (an acronym for fast–limited) has a route on arterial roads and toll roads in the city, travel time is faster than economy buses, and carries limited passengers according to the maximum seat capacity. While the AC express bus is a express bus with additional facilities in the form of Air conditioning (AC). Most of the AC express bus units in Surabaya are units owned by Perum DAMRI. Express bus units that are no longer roadworthy and are more than fifteen years old will be replaced with AC express bus units gradually.[51][52][53]

Route list

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The Surabaya City Government began adding and adjusting regular city bus routes in the period 1991–1993. The route adjustments were made after several public infrastructures in the city were operated, such as the Purabaya Terminal, Tambak Osowilangon Terminal, Jalan Raya Ahmad Yani and Surabaya–Gresik Toll Road.[54][55][56] Based on data from the Surabaya City Transportation Agency, there was a decrease in the number of regular city bus route permits in the period 2009–2017. The total number of city bus route permits in 2009 was 426 units spread across 22 active routes, while the total number of regular city bus route permits in 2017 decreased by 36%, with details of 274 units spread across twenty active routes.[57][58] Statistics of regular city buses in Surabaya

Operator

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View of several logos of bus companies that are regular city bus operators in Surabaya, 2021. Logo stickers are usually attached to the side body of the city bus unit. Until 2021, regular city bus service providers in Surabaya are divided into two types of operators, namely BUMN operators and private operators. BUMN operators refer to the city bus transportation units (UABK) by Perum DAMRI Surabaya Branch.[59] While private operators refers to the operational cooperation (KSO) unit of several private bus companies in East Java, whose units are employed for the regular city bus division.[57] Since 2015, all regular city bus operators have begun to form legal entities in the form of limited liability company (PT) to facilitate operational arrangements in the field.[60][61] Early September 2022, all regular city bus services will be operated by only ten private bus companies. There are a total of 39 buses from the bus company, which provide services on two economy routes, two express routes and one AC express route.[62][63] List of regular city bus operators in Surabaya Perum DAMRI is the only regular city bus operator that implements a fixed salary system for bus crews, both drivers and conductors.[64][65] In addition to Perum DAMRI, other operators implement a deposit system and profit sharing for bus crews. The crew gets their income based on the amount of money they have to deposit with the company. After the amount of money earned is reduced by the deposit, the remainder is divided among the crew.[66][67][68]

Routes

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For travel routes per route, please refer to the page of each route line

Active routes

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Surabaya metropolitan public transportation network map by FDTS version 2.0.0 (accurate as of February 10, 2021).

As of September 2022, there are four different travel routes on five active regular city bus routes in Surabaya. The seven routes consist of two economy bus routes, two express bus routes and three AC express bus routes. The five routes connect the southern end of the city such as Purabaya Terminal or Larangan Terminal with public transportation infrastructure in the north of the city such as Bratang Terminal and Jembatan Merah Plaza (JMP). The bus unit has an effective operational schedule between 05.00–17.00 WIB with a waiting time (headway) of at least 25 minutes from each terminal and stopping point.[69][70]

Inactive route

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Regular city bus units in Surabaya have their own platforms or departure lanes at the Purabaya Terminal since the revitalization of the terminal building in March 2013. The number of platforms provided is ten lanes, adjusting to the number of regular city bus lanes with high passenger occupancy. The ten route lanes are still operating routinely in the period 2013–2020.[71] However, all regular city bus units on all routes have stopped operating since the Surabaya City Government implemented large-scale social restrictions (PSBB) and enforcement of restrictions on community activities (PPKM) due to the Covid-19 pandemic in this city. Several routes have started to operate again since the Surabaya City Government began to lower the PPKM level and the Purabaya Terminal has started to be visited by intercity bus units. However, there are several routes that are experiencing an empty bus unit, so that several of these routes are no longer operated (inactive).[72][73][74][75]

Bus unit specifications

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The appearance of a regular city bus owned by PO Rodta route D with a body covered with an advertising sticker for a furniture product, May 25, 2013. In general, almost all regular city buses in Surabaya (except for AC patas buses) have a similar uniform pattern (livery) on the bus body. The uniform on the bus body uses a white base color and a special colored bumper according to the service class level. Some units even add large, eye-catching stickers of commercial product advertisements such as soft drinks, headache medicine, bird feed, footwear, furniture, beds, and so on.[76][77]

Since 2009, some of the regular city bus units owned by Perum DAMRI that are not roadworthy (over fifteen years old) have begun to be rejuvenated and replaced with AC patas buses.[info 1] Since mid-2018, Perum DAMRI has replaced some of the bus units on its routes with buses provided by the Ministry of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia for the 2014 budget year. The Hino RK8 R260 chassis buses and Laksana Discovery bodies are former Trans Sidoarjo units.[78][79][80]

Unlike Perum DAMRI, most of the regular city bus units owned by private operators use used buses with various specifications.[info 2] Generally, bus units are obtained by utilizing used or rebuilt buses owned by operators, or buying used buses from other bus companies. This causes the fleets owned by private operators have a higher level of chassis and body type diversity than regular city bus units owned by Perum DAMRI which tend to be uniform.[81]

Service payment system

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The appearance of several models of city bus tickets owned by Perum DAMRI as proof of payment, 2018. The payment system for city bus services in Surabaya mostly still uses a conventional system, namely payment with cash directly to the conductor on the bus.[82][83] Perum DAMRI has also implemented a ticket system, namely payment is made by paying cash to the conductor which is then exchanged for a ticket as proof of payment.[84][85][86]

The type of service tariff applied is a fixed tariff, which means that the tariff is the same for both short and long distances. The amount of city bus service tariffs on all routes is further regulated in Surabaya Mayor Regulation Number 76 of 2014.[87][88] Constraints from several factors such as the rise of online transportation, rising fuel prices, decreasing number of daily passengers, and the effects of the implementation of PSBB and PPKM have made all operators start to adjust the amount of service rates several times.[89][info 3]

Other services

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Integrated bus

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Queue of integrated bus modes (airport–bus terminal) owned by Perum DAMRI using medium bus units with Mercedes-Benz OF 917 L chassis and Piala Mas body assembly at Purabaya Terminal, March 11, 2022. In order to implement the Decree of the Minister of Transportation Number 35 of 2003, Perum DAMRI began opening city bus services as integrated buses in Surabaya since 2004. The integrated bus modes support intermodal connectivity (land, water and air transportation) with seamless, efficient and sustainable service characteristics (sustainable).[90][91] Perum DAMRI in collaboration with PT Angkasa Pura I provides a bus service for connecting integrated modes infrastructure airport–bus terminal from Terminal 1 Domestic (T1) and Terminal 2 International (T2) Juanda International Airport using a special airport transportation unit (UAKB). In 2022, there are three travel routes on three integrated bus routes from Juanda Airport.[info 4][92][93]

Intercity Bus

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Gerbangkertosusila Agglomeration
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Queue of intercity buses on the Mojokerto–Joyoboyo route in the northern parking area of ​​the Joyoboyo Intermodal Terminal building, May 18, 2021. Since two type A passenger terminals were built in the Surabaya border area such as Bungurasih and Tambak Osowilangon in the 1990s, all intercity bus route permits began to be transferred to the two terminals. However, there are several intercity bus services in the Gerbangkertosusila agglomeration area that have route permits that cover the inner city area. This causes the intercity bus units to be able to pick up and drop off passengers at the same stops or stopping points as the overlapping regular city bus routes. The following are intercity bus routes in Surabaya that have crossing points in the inner city area.[94]

List of Gerbangkertosusila agglomeration bus routes that cross which have route points in the inner city of Surabaya.
No Moda Travel code Travel route City route section
1 city bus Add→{{rail-interchange}} Add→{{rail-interchange}} Sidoarjo–JMP via Toll Road JMP–Flea Market
2 AKDP bus Add→{{rail-interchange}} Mojokerto–Joyoboyo Joyoboyo–Menanggal
3 AKDP bus Add→{{rail-interchange}} Surabaya–Paciran Tambak Osowilangon–Romokalisari
4 Trans Sidoarjo Add→{{rail-interchange}} Porong–Purabaya via Toll Road Purabaya
5 Trans East Java Add→{{rail-interchange}} Porong–Purabaya–Bunder Purabaya & Romokalisari
Across Java–Madura
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An intercity bus unit across Java–Madura via Suramadu owned by PO Akas IV is waiting for its departure schedule from in front of Ujung Port, May 30, 2021. Since the Suramadu Bridge began operating in 2010, several intercity bus routes within the province (AKDP) across Java–Madura have begun adjusting their routes and passenger stops in the northern area of ​​Surabaya City. According to a circular from the East Java Provincial Transportation Agency, intercity buses are permitted to cross the Suramadu Bridge without having to cross the Ujung–Kamal crossing. Referring to the results of the agreement between the bus companies (PO) related to the local land transportation organization (organda), intercity buses are permitted to transport passengers on a limited basis and outside the operational schedule of city transportation (bemo) and regular city buses. Intercity buses can only pick up and drop off passengers from points such as Ujung Baru, Barunawati Park and Kedinding Lor.[95][96][97]

Incident

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A series of traffic accidents due to a bus experiencing brake failure occurred on September 14, 2022 at the Taman Mayangkara red light, Wonokromo. This incident involved a regular city bus unit belonging to PO Indrapura 88 on route F on the Purabaya-JMP route via Diponegoro, which hit six motorbikes and one car.[98] This incident claimed the lives of four men and a pregnant woman. All victims have been rushed and treated at the Islamic Hospital (RSI) Jemursari.[99] Based on findings in the field, the active period of roadworthiness test of the bus unit has apparently expired since April 2022, even though the bus still has an active route permit from the Surabaya Transportation Agency.[100] The temporary suspicion of the Surabaya Police Traffic Unit is that this incident was caused by the bus driver being less careful in maintaining a safe distance. In addition, there are indications that the bus unit's braking mechanism is not functioning optimally (failed) which causes a collision.[101]

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City bus gallery in Surabaya, 2020–2022.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Bus Indonesia: Daftar Perusahaan Otobis di Indonesia
  2. ^ Mahar Jalu Primadana; Ikhsan Rosyid Mujahidul Anwari (2019). "Joyoboyo Terminal Surabaya 1970–1991". Department of History, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, University of Surabaya Airlangga. Archived from the original on 2022-01-24. Retrieved 2022-01-24.
  3. ^ Afaf Nadiyah Rifa (April 24, 2020). "Looking back at the traces of trams in Indonesia". clapeyronmedia.com. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
  4. ^ Mokhamad Dofir (6 February 2021). "History of Dutch heritage trams in Surabaya". faktualnews.co. Archived from the original on 2022-01-24. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  5. ^ "Trem Sejarahmu Dulu". Tempo.co. May 26, 2013. Archived from the original on 2022-01-24. Retrieved February 18 2022. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  6. ^ Muhammad Firman (July 8, 2013). "The traces and figures behind the Surabaya tram". ayorek.org. Archived from the original on 2018-07-21. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
  7. ^ M.F. Mukthi (May 5, 2015). "A piece of tram history in Surabaya". historia.id (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 2022-08-12. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
  8. ^ a b Henrry Jaladara Eka Atmaja; Masliyah; Nugroho Utomo (2013). "Operational analysis of city bus stops on the Purabaya Terminal-Tanjung Perak route (via Darmo highway) according to a review of feasibility standards and accessibility aspects Henrry". Civil Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Veteran National Development University of Java East. Archived from the original on 2021-03-01. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  9. ^ a b Hikmah Tri Susiloningtyas; Nasution (2015). "DAMRI Dynamics as a Means of Transportation in Surabaya in 1970–1982". Avatara, e-Journal of Education History. 3 (1): 127–134. Archived from the original on 2022-01-06. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  10. ^ a b Alin Wiyudha Permana; Dewa Agung Gedhe Agung; Yuliati (2017). "The development of DAMRI city buses in Surabaya in 1975–1989 and the value of education". Department of History, Faculty of Social Sciences, State University of Malang. Archived from the original on 2022-01-06. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  11. ^ a b Taufiqurrahman (January 20, 2017). Thomas Kukuh (ed.). "Memories of DAMRI, City Buses, and Mass Transportation Surabaya". JawaPos.com. Archived from the original on 2022-01-07. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
  12. ^ James Paul; RA Dewi Iswari P. (2002). "Efforts to improve RMB city bus services in terms of travel time". Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Petra Christian University. Archived from the original on 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2022-03-07.
  13. ^ Rudy Setiawan (2004). "Efforts to improve RMB city bus services in terms of travel time". National Planning Engineering Seminar II 2004 Postgraduate Program of East Java Veteran National Development University.
  14. ^ Marmorittarieta Stiltaurantia (April 5, 2007). "20 units launched: New DAMRI buses, air-conditioned and pickpocket-free". suarasurabaya.net. Archived from the original on 2022-01-16. Retrieved February 18 2022. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  15. ^ Purna Budi Nugraha (April 30, 2012). "DAMRI launches 10 units of AC patas buses". kabarbisnis.com. Archived from the original on 2022-01-16. Retrieved February 18 2022. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  16. ^ Moch. Andriansyah (April 30, 2012). Moch. Andriansyah (ed.). "Special buses for women in Surabaya to avoid harassment". Merdeka.com. merdeka.com. Archived from the original on 2022-01-19. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
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