List of territories of the Valois dukes of Burgundy
From 1363 to 1477, the Valois dukes of Burgundy, a cadet branch of the French royal House of Valois, ruled over a domain that ultimately encompassed much of eastern France and the Low Countries[1] effectively as independent princes.[2] Although sometimes referred to as the Burgundian state,[3] it was in fact a composite monarchy,[4] comprising an array of duchies, counties and lordships acquired by the dukes over time by a number of means and joined in personal union.[5] The Duchy of Burgundy itself was granted to the dynasty's founder Philip the Bold in 1363 by his father the French king, John II. The dynasty's domains were then substantially added to, mainly by Philip himself and his grandson, Philip the Good.
Philip the Bold married Margaret of Flanders, and when her father died in 1384, he acquired through her inheritance not only the adjacent County of Burgundy and other lands in eastern France, but also Flanders in the Low Countries, with its concentration of wealthy urban areas. The next period of major expansion was in the 1420s and 1430s when Philip the Good added further extensive domains by purchase, diplomacy and inheritance. These were in eastern and north eastern France, but more significantly, in the Low Countries as well. The Brabantine inheritance of 1430 and the cession of Jacqueline of Hainaut's lands in 1433, when added to Flanders, meant that Philip's territories would include a powerful contiguous domain covering most of the Low Countries and referred to as the Burgundian Netherlands.
Finally, the last Valois duke, Charles the Bold, through almost continuous warfare after his accession in 1467, briefly extended the domains further but was killed in battle in 1477 without a male heir, the last of the dynasty being his daughter Mary of Burgundy. The Duchy of Burgundy itself was then absorbed back into France and most of the remaining territories, as a result of Mary's marriage to Maximilian of Habsburg, passed to the House of Habsburg, forming part of a much larger empire.[5]
Territories of the Valois dukes of Burgundy
[edit]The dukes' lands straddled the border areas between the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire and were divided into two groups of possessions.[5] In the south was the Duchy of Burgundy itself, and the neighbouring County of Burgundy (the modern Franche-Comté), a fief of the Empire. These possessions were separated from the Burgundian Netherlands in the north, where the dukes derived most of their wealth, power and prestige.[note 1] Charles the Bold briefly united the southern and northern domains through conquest but these gains were lost with his death in 1477.[8]
The following is a list of territories held, at any time, by a Valois duke of Burgundy, either in their own right or jure uxoris.[note 2]
| Territory | Acquired by | Date acquired | Means of acquisition | Subsequent history |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duchy of Burgundy | Philip the Bold | 1363 | Granted to Philip as an appanage by his father John II of France.[12] | Following the death of the last Valois duke, Charles the Bold at the Battle of Nancy, 1477, the Duchy returned to the French crown.[13] |
| Lordship of Jaucourt | 1367 | Purchased by Philip[14] from Jeanne de Jaucourt.[15] | On Philip's death, passed to Philip of Nevers and his descendants.[16] | |
| Castellanies in Champagne | 1382 | Beaufort, Nogent-l'Artaud, Lassicourt, and Soulaines granted to Philip by Charles VI.[17] | On Philip's death in 1404, returned to the French crown.[17] | |
| County of Burgundy | 1384 | The territories were inherited by Philip's wife, Margaret of Flanders, from her father Louis of Male, Count of Flanders who died in 1384.[18][19][20] Philip then took control of the territories and assumed the various comital and other titles.[21] Margaret died in 1405, a year after Philip, and the territories were inherited by the next duke, John the Fearless, except Nevers, Rethel, Isle, Chaource, Villemaur[22] and Donzy.[23] | Seized by Louis XI after Charles the Bold's death but returned to Charles's heirs, the House of Habsburg, by the Treaty of Senlis, 1493.[24] | |
| Lordship of Salins | ||||
| County of Artois | ||||
| Lordship of Mechelen | Following Charles the Bold's death in 1477, Flanders passed to the House of Habsburg through marriage to Charles's daughter and heir, Mary,[25] as did Mechelen.[26] | |||
| Walloon Flanders | ||||
| County of Flanders | ||||
| Isle, Chaource and Villemaur | By 1407, Nevers, Rethel, Isle, Chaource, Villemaur[22] and Donzy[27] had been vested in Philip's youngest son, Philip of Nevers and his descendants. | |||
| Barony of Donzy | ||||
| County of Rethel | ||||
| County of Nevers | ||||
| County of Charolais | 1390 | Purchased by Philip for 60,000 francs from John III, Count of Armagnac.[28] | Seized by France in 1477, but returned to Charles the Bold's Habsburg heirs in 1493.[24] | |
| Bailiwick of Mâcon | John the Fearless | 1417 | Seized by force from the French crown,[29][30] confirmed by Treaty of Arras 1435.[31] | Annexed by Louis XI in 1477.[32] |
| County of Tonnerre | 1419 | Conquest from Louis de Chalons confirmed by royal grant in 1419.[33][30] | Confirmed by Treaty of Arras 1435 as a royal enclave with the duke having administration rights.[34] | |
| Péronne, Roye and Montdidier | Philip the Good | 1420 | Ceded by Charles VII and confirmed by the Treaty of Arras 1435.[35] | In 1477, Louis XI of France annexed Boulogne,[36] Auxerre,[32] Bar-sur-Seine,[24] Péronne, Roye and Montdidier.[37][38] |
| County of Boulogne | 1423 | Seized in 1423[35] and confirmed by the Treaty of Arras 1435.[31] | ||
| County of Auxerre | 1424 | Transferred by Henry VI, confirmed by Treaty of Arras 1435.[35] | ||
| Castellany of Bar-sur-Seine | ||||
| County of Namur | 1429 | Bequeathed by John of Namur who had been paid 132,000 crowns.[39] | Following Charles the Bold's death in 1477, the territories passed to the House of Habsburg through marriage to Charles's daughter and heir, Mary.[25] | |
| Duchy of Limburg | 1430 | Philip's uncle, Anthony, inherited Brabant from his great aunt in 1406.[40] Anthony's son, Philip of St. Pol, bequeathed it to Philip on his death in 1430.[41] Antwerp was a dependency of Brabant,[42] as was Limburg and the Lands of Overmaas.[43] | ||
| Lands of Overmaas | ||||
| Margraviate of Antwerp[note 3] | ||||
| Duchy of Brabant[note 4] | ||||
| County of Holland[note 5] | 1433 | In personal union since the 13th century.[39] Philip increased his influence over the counties leading the ruler, Jacqueline of Hainaut, to cede her rights to him in 1433.[54] | ||
| County of Zeeland | ||||
| County of Hainaut | ||||
| County of Ponthieu | 1435 | Transferred to Philip by the Treaty of Arras, 1435[31][35][55] | In 1477, Louis XI of France annexed the Somme towns,[56] Ponthieu and Vermandois.[57] | |
| County of Vermandois | ||||
| The Somme towns | ||||
| Duchy of Luxembourg | 1443 | Seized in 1443.[58] Philip paid the ruler, Elizabeth of Görlitz, a pension of 7,000 florins per year for inheritance rights.[59] Succeeded on her death in 1451.[58] | Following Charles the Bold's death in 1477, the duchy passed to the House of Habsburg through marriage to Charles's daughter and heir, Mary.[25] | |
| Lordship of Château-Chinon | Charles the Bold | 1454 | Through Charles's marriage with Isabella of Bourbon[60] | Passed to Charles's Habsburg heirs by Treaty of Senlis 1493[24] |
| County of Ferrette | 1469 | Acquired by Treaty of Saint-Omer from Sigismund of Habsburg as security for a loan of 50,000 Rhenish florins.[61][62] | Lost in 1474 as a result of rebellion in Alsace.[63] | |
| Breisgau | ||||
| Landgraviate of Upper Alsace[note 6] | ||||
| County of Zutphen | 1473 | Charles seized the Duchy by force in 1473. Shortly before Charles's invasion Arnold, Duke of Guelders died and left the Duchy to him in his will.[65] The County of Zutphen was a dependency.[66] | Guelders re-asserted its independence on Charles's death 1477.[13] His Habsburg heirs attempted to recover the Duchy. Achieved by his great-grandson, Charles V, in 1543.[67] | |
| Duchy of Guelders | ||||
| Duchy of Bar | 1475 | In 1475, Charles seized Lorraine by force from René II, Duke of Lorraine and had himself installed as Duke in December of that year.[68] Bar, a dependency of Lorraine,[69] was occupied as well.[70] | With Charles's defeat and death at the Battle of Nancy, January 1477, René II recovered the Duchies.[71] | |
| Duchy of Lorraine |
Notes
[edit]- ^ The two groups of domains were referred to as "our lands over here" and "our lands over there", originally from the perspective of where the duke happened to be when the reference was made. However, reflecting the changing focus of the Burgundian state, the Low Countries territories came to be permanently called the "lands over here" and the southern domains the "lands over there".[6] Nevertheless, Burgundy, as the dukes' original domain, continued to be at the heart of the polity's identity and, for example, the duke's subjects in the Low Countries even began referring to themselves as "Burgundians".[7]
- ^ Not included are territories held by other members of the House of Valois-Burgundy, such as the Prince-Bishopric of Cambrai where Philip the Good had his half-brother, John, appointed as bishop [9] or the County of Eu which a descendant of Philip the Bold, John of Nevers, inherited through his mother.[10] Also excluded are territories where the duke of Burgundy effectively exercised political control but was not the ruler, such as the Prince-Bishopric of Liège or the Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht.[11]
- ^ In fact, the margraviate of Antwerp first came into Burgundian hands when Philip the Bold acquired it as part of Margaret of Flanders' inheritance in 1384.[44] After Philip's death in 1404, Antwerp did not pass to the next duke, John the Fearless, but instead was vested in his younger brother, Anthony who also acquired Brabant.[45] It again became a possession of a duke of Burgundy when Philip the Good inherited the margraviate on the death of Anthony's son, Philip of St. Pol, in 1430.[46]
- ^ The Duke of Brabant was also "Duke of Lothier" (that is, of Lower Lorraine[47]). This was a titular honorific only, without any territory attached to it.[48]
- ^ The Count of Holland was also "Lord of Friesland". This was a titular lordship only, without political reality, but the title had, nevertheless, been used by the Counts of Holland since the 13th century.[49] In fact, unusually, feudalism did not exist in medieval Friesland[50] and it had no lord (the Frisian freedom).[51] Although the Emperor Maximilian I had attempted to impose Albert of Saxony as imperial lord over the area,[52] it was not until Charles V's annexation in 1524 that the Lordship of Friesland or Frisia was created.[52][53]
- ^ The legal rights acquired in the territories were relatively limited. In addition to Sigismund being able to recover the domains on repayment of the loan, much of the lands were already mortgaged with the creditors having significant pre-existing rights.[64] The attempt to enforce full Burgundian control, despite this, led to a rebellion and loss of the territories in 1474.[63]
References
[edit]- ^ Beik 2009, pp. 3–4.
- ^ Wagner 2001, p. 41.
- ^ Stein 2017, p. 3.
- ^ Stein 2017, pp. 12, 14.
- ^ a b c Stein 2017, p. 2.
- ^ Blockmans & Prevenier 1999, p. 142.
- ^ Stein 2017, p. 23.
- ^ Prak 2023, p. 15.
- ^ Blockmans & Prevenier 1999, p. 112.
- ^ Bicheno 2016, p. 133.
- ^ Hay 2016, p. 147.
- ^ Vaughan 2002a, p. 3.
- ^ a b Blockmans & Prevenier 1999, p. 195.
- ^ Emery 2015, p. 204, footnote 4.
- ^ Le Bas 1863, p. 695.
- ^ Gaussen 1861, p. 92 (ch.VII p.11).
- ^ a b Vaughan 2002a, p. 102.
- ^ Stein 2017, pp. 24–26: for the inheritance other than Isle, Chaource, Villemaur and Donzy
- ^ Vaughan 2002b, p. 6: for Isle, Chaource and Villemaur
- ^ Arnade 2018, p. 10: for Donzy
- ^ Stein 2017, pp. 26–27.
- ^ a b Vaughan 2002b, pp. 6–8.
- ^ Vaughan 2002a, pp. 110–111.
- ^ a b c d Duteil 2024, ch.4.
- ^ a b c Kooi 2022, p. 21.
- ^ Munro 2015, p. 69.
- ^ Vaughan 2002a, p. 111.
- ^ Vaughan 2002a, p. 93.
- ^ Vaughan 2002b, p. 181.
- ^ a b Stein 2017, p. 35.
- ^ a b c Stein 2017, p. 45.
- ^ a b Scordia 2016, p. 203, footnote 42.
- ^ Vaughan 2002c, pp. 10, 180–181.
- ^ Small 1997, p. 53.
- ^ a b c d Vaughan 2002c, p. 18.
- ^ McDonald 1995, p. 262.
- ^ Potter 2003, pp. 37–38.
- ^ Lalanne 1877, p. 151.
- ^ a b Stein 2017, p. 36.
- ^ Blockmans & Prevenier 1999, p. 35.
- ^ Vaughan 2002c, pp. 51–52.
- ^ Stein 2017, p. 18.
- ^ Stein 2017, p. 27.
- ^ Blockmans & Prevenier 1999, p. 1.
- ^ Stein 2017, p. 32.
- ^ Edmundson 2018, p. 10.
- ^ Bloch 2014, p. 416.
- ^ Lecuppre-Desjardin 2022, p. 262.
- ^ Stein 2017, pp. 18, 36–37.
- ^ Bloch 2014, p. 259.
- ^ Stein 2010, pp. 4–5.
- ^ a b Krahn 2012, p. 4.
- ^ Kennedy 2017, p. 99.
- ^ Stein 2017, pp. 38–40.
- ^ Vanthemsche & De Peuter 2023, p. 111.
- ^ Kekewich 2008, p. 240.
- ^ Greenfeld 2009, p. 64.
- ^ a b Blockmans 2006, p. 88.
- ^ Douglas Smith & DeVries 2005, p. 125.
- ^ Vaughan 2002c, p. 343.
- ^ Vaughan 2002d, pp. 86–89.
- ^ Remy 2011, p. 125.
- ^ a b Knecht 2007, p. 98.
- ^ Vaughan 2002d, pp. 86, 88.
- ^ Vaughan 2002d, pp. 117–120.
- ^ Vaughan 2002d, p. 112.
- ^ Tervoort 2004, p. 171.
- ^ Vaughan 2002d, pp. 354–356.
- ^ Monter 2007, p. 23.
- ^ Gauvard 2019, p. 744.
- ^ Monter 2007, pp. 21–23.
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