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Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)

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This article is about the ongoing series of conflicts in the Middle East. For other uses, see List of modern conflicts in the Middle East.

Middle Eastern crisis
Part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, the Israel–Lebanon conflict, the Iran–Israel proxy conflict, the Arab–Israeli conflict, and the spillover of the Israel–Hamas war
Date7 October 2023 – present
(1 year, 2 months and 3 weeks)
Location
Middle East
Status Ongoing
Belligerents
State of Palestine
Lebanon

 Iran[16]

 Houthi movement[17]
Islamic Resistance in Iraq[18]
Muslim Brotherhood[19]

/

 Israel[note 4]

Allies in the Red Sea crisis
Allies in the West Bank
Casualties and losses
Palestine: 45,000+ killed
Lebanon: 4,000+ killed		 Israel: 1,200 killed

The Middle Eastern crisis is a series of interrelated[25] conflicts and heightened instability in the Middle East which began with the Hamas-led attack on Israel on 7 October 2023, after a period of rising tensions. Mohammed Deif, the head of Hamas' Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades, said that the attack was made in response to the escalating Israeli violence against Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza.[26][27] Israel then began a destructive bombing campaign and invasion of the Gaza Strip. The war's spillover resulted in a major escalation of existing tensions between Israel and Iran. This has resulted in several proxy conflicts breaking out across the Middle East involving both sides, such as the Red Sea crisis, and the Israeli invasions of Lebanon and Syria.

Events by country

Israel and Palestine

Main article: Israel–Hamas war
Further information: Background to the Israel–Hamas war
Map of control in the in and around the Gaza Strip in the Israel–Hamas war as of 28 December 2024

On 7 October 2023, the Palestinian militant group Hamas led a surprise attack into Israel from the Gaza Strip that captured territory in southern Israel and killed approximately 1,200 people.[28][29][30] In addition, about 250 Israelis and foreigners were taken into Gaza as hostages by Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups.[31] The attack began with a barrage of over 4,000 rockets and paraglider incursions into Israel.[32] Hamas fighters also breached the Gaza–Israel barrier and massacred civilians in several communities.[33] The attack marked the deadliest day in Israeli history.[34] In response, the Israeli government declared war for the first time since the 1973 Yom Kippur War.[35]

After the 7 October Hamas attack, Israel began a bombardment and blockade of the Gaza Strip,[36] which escalated on 13 October into temporary raids into the northern Gaza Strip[36] and on 27 October to a full-scale invasion of Gaza[37] with the stated goals of destroying Hamas and freeing the hostages.[38] The initial phase of the invasion took place in the north of the Gaza Strip, including an Israeli siege of Gaza City that began on 2 November.[39] Hamas and Israel agreed to a six-day truce from 24 November to 30 November that saw Hamas exchange Israeli hostages for Palestinian prisoners held by Israel.[40][41] After the truce expired in December, Israeli troops had reached the city of Khan Yunis in central Gaza.[42] Israel began a bombing campaign of the southern city of Rafah in February,[43] and Israel seized the Rafah border crossing on 7 May 2024 as it began an offensive in an around Rafah.[44] On 14 May, Israeli forces pushed deeper into Rafah.[45] In July, Israel initiated a second battle in Khan Yunis.[46] On 16 October 2024, the Israeli military killed the leader of Hamas, Yahya Sinwar, hence achieving a major goal of Israel's invasion of Gaza.[47] The war began a humanitarian crisis in the Gaza Strip,[48] and the Israeli invasion has displaced about 1.9 million of Gaza's 2.2 million pre-war residents[49] and has killed at least 42,000.[note 6]

West Bank

Main article: Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Israel–Hamas war

Tensions and violence between Israeli military forces and settlers in the West Bank were escalating long before the start of the 2023 war. According to the UN, 2022 was the deadliest year for Palestinians on record,[74] and the year to September 2023 already represented the deadliest year in history for children in the West Bank.[75]

Amnesty International released a report[76] on 5 February 2024 stating that Israel is carrying out unlawful killings in the West Bank and displaying "a chilling disregard for Palestinian lives" and that Israeli forces are carrying out numerous illegal acts of violence that constitute clear violations of international law.[77][78]

Even before the war, 2023 was the deadliest year for Palestinians in the Israeli-occupied West Bank in 20 years. Violence in the West Bank has increased since the war began with more than 607 Palestinians and over 25 Israelis killed.[79][80] At the same time, Israeli settler violence further increased to around 1,270 attacks, against 856 for all of 2022.[81] About 1,000 Palestinians have been forcibly displaced by settlers since 7 October and almost half of clashes have included "Israeli forces accompanying or actively supporting Israeli settlers while carrying out the attacks" according to a U.N. report.[82] According to the West Bank Protection Consortium, which is funded by the European Union, since the 7 October attacks six Palestinian communities have been abandoned due to the violence.[83]

By 10 October, confrontations between Palestinians and Israeli forces had left 15 Palestinians dead, including two in East Jerusalem.[84] On 11 October, Israeli settlers attacked the village of Qusra, killing four Palestinians. A 16-year-old child was fatally shot by the IDF in Bani Na'im, while another person was shot dead by the IDF near Bethlehem.[85] On 12 October, two Palestinians were killed after Israeli settlers interrupted a funeral procession for Palestinians killed in prior settler attacks and opened fire.[86][87][88]

On 18 October, protests broke out over the al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion, with clashes reported in Ramallah.[89] A youth was injured by PA forces in Tubas. One Palestinian was killed in confrontations with Israeli forces in Nabi Salih, and 30 others were injured across the West Bank.[90] On 19 October, more than 60 Hamas members were arrested and 12 people were killed in overnight Israeli raids across the West Bank. Those arrested included the movement's spokesperson in the West Bank, Hassan Yousef.[91]

On 31 October, the IDF engaged Hamas around Shuweika.[92]

On 1 November, Issa Amro said the situation in the West Bank had become "very hard", noting "All the checkpoints are closed. Israeli settlers and soldiers are acting violently with the Palestinians."[93] The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs warned Israeli settler violence against Palestinians was on the rise.[94]

On 20 April 14 Palestinians were killed in clashes during an Israeli raid in the West Bank. Palestinian sources identified one of the victims as a militant,[95] while Israel said that 14 gunmen were killed.[96]

In July 2024, Israeli authorities approved the seizure of 12.7 square kilometers of land in the occupied West Bank. According to Peace Now, this was the largest single appropriation approved since the 1993 Oslo accords."[97] On 4 July, Israeli authorities approved plans for almost 5,300 new houses in occupied West Bank.[98]

On 7 August, Wafa reported that Israeli forces destroyed the regional headquarters of Fatah in the Balata Camp.[99][100]

On 14 August, the Israeli government approved new settlements in the occupied West Bank.[101][102]

On 28 August, Israel launched the largest military operation into the northern West Bank in more than 20 years. Israeli Foreign Minister Israel Katz said that the operation was a "full-fledged war".[103] Israeli forces carried out simultaneous operations in Jenin, Tubas, Nablus, Ramallah and Tulkarem. In Jenin, Israeli forces devastated civilian infrastructure with anti-tank munitions and armored bulldozers, set fire to the Jenin farmers' market, and carried out mass arrests of men and boys. Civilians were trapped in their homes and denied access to food, water and medicine. Members of the press were denied access to the city while the operation was ongoing. Eyewitnesses also reported the use of Palestinian detainees as human shields and the use of attack dogs against civilian families. The army blocked access to hospitals and ambulances.[104] On 29 August, UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres demanded a halt to the operations.[105] EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell said the operations "must not constitute the premises of a war extension from Gaza, including full-scale destruction."[106] On 3 September, Israeli media reported that the IDF had classified the West Bank as a "combat zone" and now viewed it as the second most important front in the war.[107][108] Yoav Gallant said that Israel was "mowing the lawn" with its West Bank operations, but that it would eventually need to "pull out the roots".[109] On 6 September, Turkish-American protestor Ayşenur Eygi was killed by an Israeli sniper at a demonstration near Nablus.[110]

On 13 November, Bezalel Smotrich said that with Donald Trump's victory in the 2024 United States presidential election, Israel was "a step away" from "sovereignty in Judea and Samaria." Later comments by Mike Huckabee, chosen by Trump as the next ambassador to Israel, corroborated the possibility of an Israeli annexation of the West Bank.[111]

Jenin

On 12 October 2023, Israel conducted a raid in Jenin, West Bank, resulting in the reported detention of a Hamas fighter and injuries to other individuals.[112] On 14 October, another raid was launched in the city, leading to the deaths of multiple people.[113][114][115] On 18 October, a 12-year-old girl was shot dead by crossfire from Palestinian Authority security forces.[90]

On 22 October, an airstrike carried out by the Israel Defense Forces targeted the Al-Ansar Mosque, causing extensive damage.[116][117][118] Two people were killed, and three others were injured.[119][116][117] The IDF asserted that Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) had been operating from a compound beneath the mosque.[116][117][119] The Palestinian Foreign Minister, Riyad al-Maliki, characterized the attack as a "dangerous escalation in the use of warplanes" and expressed concern over the adoption of tactics from Gaza.[120]

On 26 October Ayser Mohammad Al-Amer, a senior commander of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad was killed during a clash with IDF in the Jenin refugee camp.[121]

On 29 November, 14-year-old Basel Abu Al-Wafa and 8-year-old Adam Al-Ghool were shot dead by Israeli forces during the Jenin incursions. CCTV footage depicting the killings show Basel Abu Al-Wafa being shot at multiple times, sustaining mortal wounds while 8-year old Adam Al-Ghool was killed with a shot to the head.[122][123] A 17-year-old was reportedly shot and killed by IDF forces inside the Khalil Suleiman hospital compound near the Jenin refugee camp, accourding to accounts by the Doctors Without Borders.[124]

A dozen raids were reported on 2 January 2024, with a violent raid in Jenin and violent confrontations in Azzun, resulting in the death of four Palestinians.[125] Raids were reported in Ya'bad on 5 January, with an eleven-year-old wounded.[126] A doctor described a drone strike on 7 January, stating one man "was decapitated. It seemed the missile directly hit him. Others had their limbs severed."[127] All entrances into Jenin were reported blocked on 9 January.[128] The chair of the Jenin high-level committee stated Israel had destroyed streets, electric poles, water lines, and a monument to Shireen Abu Akleh.[129]

On 30 January, Israeli forces disguised as medical personnel raided a hospital in Jenin, killing three Palestinian men they alleged as fighters, but whom doctors at the hospital reported as a paralyzed man in a wheelchair along with his brother and a friend of his.[130][131]

Tulkarm

In the Nur Shams camp, a drone deployed by Israel resulted in casualties among a group of Palestinians.[132] The Israeli army reported the death of one officer and injuries to nine soldiers due to the detonation of an explosive device in the Nour Shams camp, with the wounded soldiers transported to the Meir Hospital.[133][132]

On the second day of the raid, 20 October, explosions occurred at dawn and in the morning hours. The Tulkarm Battalion reported that additional armed groups had reached Tulkarm to support their efforts.[134] At 7 am, Israeli forces concluded their 30-hour raid, withdrawing from the city and its two camps.[135] The Palestinian Ministry of Health confirmed 13 casualties, including 5 children, with the deceased and injured transported to Martyr Dr. Thabet Thabet Governmental Hospital.[136]

Five people were injured during a raid on 3 January 2024, including one person hit by a live bullet, three people beaten by Israeli soldiers, and one person who was rammed by an Israeli jeep.[137] A forty-hour raid on Nur Shams concluded on 4 January, with more than a dozen wounded from soldi

On 3 October, an Israeli airstrike in Tulkarm Camp killed at least 20 people.[138]

Involvement of the Palestinian Authority
Further information: Palestinian Authority–West Bank militias conflict, July 2024 West Bank unrest, October 2024 Palestinian Authority operation in Tubas, and December 2024 Palestinian Authority operation in Jenin

During the Israel–Hamas war, there have been escalating clashes between the Palestinian Authority (PA)– which autonomously governs the Palestinian enclaves in the Israeli-occupied West Bank– and local anti-Israel militias which the PA sees as a threat to its rule.

Region-wide violent unrest against the PA by militants and protestors broke out in July 2024 as a result of the alleged arrest attempt of "Abu Shujaa", the leader of the Tulkarm Brigade, on 26 July. Protestors and militants clashed with security forces in Tulkarm,[139][140][141] Jenin,[142][143][144][145] Bethlehem,[146][147] Tubas,[146] and Nablus.[145] By August, the unrest had been "contained", according to Tulkarm officials.[148]

In October 2024, PA forces launched a month-long operation against the Tubas Brigade in the city of Tubas, aiming to demonstrate they were capable of suppressing anti-Israel militancy.[149][150][151]

In December 2024, PA forces launched another operation into Jenin against the Jenin Brigades, based in that city's refugee camp.[152][153] The operation marks the first time in several years that security forces have entered the Jenin refugee camp.[154][155] As a result of the operation, the Israeli security cabinet directed the IDF to bolster collaboration with the PA security forces on the recommendation of the Central Command.[156]

Additionally, the PA's National Security Forces have remained in their barracks during IDF raids[157][158] and have actively interfered with militants' defenses against those raids.[159][160][161][162]

Lebanon

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present).
Main articles: Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) and 2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon
See also: Attacks on journalists during the Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) and Assassination of Saleh al-Arouri
Northern Israel sector of war
  Israel
  Israeli-occupied Golan Heights
  Hezbollah presence in Lebanon
  Lebanese territory under Israeli control
  Syria
  Areas ordered evacuated by Israel

A series of border clashes with Hezbollah along the Israel–Lebanon border began shortly after the 7 October attack. Clashes and instability along the border resulted in more than a million people in Lebanon and over 96,000 more in Israel being displaced.[163][164][165] Hezbollah deputy chief Sheikh Naim Qassem said that 'when time comes for any action, we will carry it out' stating that Hezbollah was ready and 'would "contribute" to confrontations against Israel according to its own plan'.[166] Hezbollah has said it will not stop attacking Israel until Israel ceases its attacks and military operations in Gaza.[167][168] In 2024, Israel escalated its assault on Lebanon, carrying out explosive device attacks, assassinations of Hezbollah and Hamas leaders, and expanding its bombing campaign. On 1 October, Israel began a ground invasion of Lebanon. Since the invasion, more than 2,500 people have been killed and 20% of Lebanon's population has been displaced.[165]

Clashes

On 8 October 2023, the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah fired guided rockets and artillery shells at Israeli positions in the disputed Shebaa Farms one day into the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, saying this was "in solidarity" with the Palestinians. Israel retaliated by launching drone strikes and artillery shells at Hezbollah positions near Lebanon's boundary with the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights.[169][170][171] The next day, Israel exchanged a series of airstrikes on southern Lebanon near the towns of Marwahin, Ayta ash Shab[172] and Dhayra in the Bint Jbeil district.[173] This was after numerous Palestinian militants infiltrated the Israeli border.[174] The IDF killed at least two perpetrators (likely Palestinians),[173] while a third returned to Lebanon.[175] Skirmishes have occurred every day since, spilling over to the occupied Golan Heights.[176][177]

On 13 October, while a group of Reuters, AFP and Al Jazeera journalists were transmitting a live video feed of an IDF outpost in Aalma ech Chaab, two tank rounds fired directly hit the group. The first killed Reuters photojournalist Issam Abdallah. The second strike was much more powerful and ignited the Al Jazeera vehicle, a white Toyota, which Al Jazeera journalists Carmen Joukhadar and Elie Brakhya, as well as their AFP colleague Dylan Collins, were standing next to.[178] Reuters' photographer Christina Assi was also critically injured.[179][180][178] Lebanon's army has said the IDF fired the missile that killed Abdallah. Another Reuters reporter at the scene said Abdallah was killed by projectiles fired from the direction of Israel.[181] His last post on Instagram, posted a week before he was killed, was a photograph of Shireen Abu Akleh, a Palestinian journalist for Al Jazeera Arabic who had been killed by Israel in 2022.[182][183]

On 12 November 2023, Hezbollah anti-tank missile and mortar attacks killed an employee of the Israel Electric Corporation who was conducting repair work and injured 21 other Israelis, including seven IDF soldiers and six of the fatality's colleagues.[184][185] Hezbollah also claimed to have struck an IDF bulldozer in a separate attack. The IDF said it had launched a drone strike at a militant cell that tried to launch antitank missiles near Metula.[186] Further clashes also killed one Hezbollah member.[187]

On 2 January 2024, Israel conducted an airstrike in the Dahieh neighborhood of Beirut, resulting in the assassination of Saleh al-Arouri, the deputy chairman of the Hamas political bureau, and the death of six other members.[188] Al-Arouri was also responsible for the expansion of Hamas' activities in the Israeli-occupied West Bank, including attacks on Israelis.[189][190] The assassination occurred one day before Hezbollah commemorated the 4th anniversary of the assassination of senior Iranian military commander Qasem Soleimani.[191] On 6 January, Hezbollah launched approximately 40 rockets into northern Israel, describing it as an "initial response" to al-Arouri's killing.[192] According to Israel, the rockets targeted a strategic Airbase near Mount Meron, causing significant damage to it.[193]

On 8 January, Israel assassinated Wissam al-Tawil, the deputy commander of Hezbollah's Redwan Force, whom it accused of carrying out the attack on Meron airbase two days earlier.[194]

The IDF said that they killed four militants that infiltrated the Israeli border through Shebaa while an IDF unit was patrolling nearby on 14 January 2024. Five IDF soldiers were wounded.[195] A group calling itself the "Islamic Glory Brigades" later claimed responsibility for the attack and announced that 3 of their members were killed and 2 were able to escape.[196] The same day, two Israeli civilians; a man and his 70-year-old mother, were killed by Hezbollah anti-tank missiles in Kfar Yuval.[197]

The inability of Israelis to return to settlements and homes in the north of the country led to Antony Blinken stating that Israel had effectively "lost sovereignty in the northern quadrant of its country".[198] On 27 July 2024, the Majdal Shams attack occurred, killing 12 children in the Golan Heights area.[199][200] The attack, which Israel and the US said was carried out by Hezbollah, marked an escalation in hostilities and opened discussion about a broader war with Lebanon. Hezbollah denied responsibility for the attack.[201]

Escalation

On 17 September 2024, thousands of handheld pagers used by Hezbollah simultaneously exploded across Lebanon and Syria.[202] At least 12 people were killed and thousands of others including Hezbollah members and civilians were wounded across Lebanon and Syria. Among those reported injured was the Iranian ambassador to Lebanon, Mojtaba Amani.[203][204][205] The attack came just a day after the Biden administration's special envoy Amos Hochstein visited Israel.[206] While the Biden administration publicly urged Israel to reach a negotiated solution with Hezbollah, senior white house officials including Amos Hochstein and Brett McGurk privately assured Israel that the US backed its decision to escalate militarily.[207] On 18 September 2024, a second series of explosions involving Hezbollah communication devices occurred across Lebanon.[208] On 20 September, Israel launched an airstrike in Dahieh, Beirut targeting Hezbollah's operations commander Ibrahim Aqil. At least 45 people were killed[209] including Aqil, senior Hezbollah commander Ahmed Mahmoud Wahabi.[210][211][212] Between 19 and 22 September, Hezbollah launched multiple rocket attacks against Israel causing injuries and damage.[213][214] Hezbollah also said that it targeted Israeli airbases, intelligence bases and a tank.[215] On 23 September, Israel conducted over 1,600 strikes in its deadliest attack on Lebanon since 2006,[216] killing at least 558 people and injuring more than 1,835 others.[217][218][219] Hezbollah launched more than 300 rockets at Israel on the same day.[220][221] On 26 September, an Israeli strike on a building in Younine killed at least 20 people.[222][223]

On 27 September, the IDF struck Hezbollah's central headquarters in Beirut, targeting Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah.[224] Al-Manar reported that four buildings collapsed in the attack. At least six people including Nasrallah died and at least 100 were injured.[225][226] On 28 September, the IDF struck civil defense centres and a medical clinic in Taybeh and Deir Siriane killing 11 people.[227] On 29 September, an Israeli air strike on a home in Dahr-al-Ain killed at least 11 people.[228][229] The Lebanese National News Agency reported that at least 17 members of a family were killed in an Israeli air strike in Zboud.[230] An Israeli strike in Ain El Delb killed 45 people.[231][232] Another strike in Bekaa killed 12 people.[231]

Invasion

Main article: 2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon

Israel launched an invasion of southern Lebanon on 1 October 2024[233][234][235][236] with a strike on a house in Al-Dawoudiya killed at least 10 people and injured five others.[237] This was followed shortly by a ground invasion. By 2 October Israeli forces were in Odaisseh, where they were ambushed by Hezbollah fighters and forced to retreat while attempting to dismantle militant infrastructure. Six soldiers from the Egoz Unit were killed and several others were injured, including five seriously. Two soldiers of the Golani Brigade were killed. The IDF said that 20 Hezbollah militants were killed during the clash.[238][239] An Israeli air strike destroyed three houses in the Bekaa Valley killing 11 people.[240]

By 15 October, the UNHCR said that over 25% of Lebanon was under evacuation orders of Israel.[241] Israeli air strikes in Qana killed 15 people.[242] On 16 October, an Israeli airstrike on the municipal building of Nabatieh killed at least 16 people, including the town's mayor Ahmad Kahil and injured 52 others.[243][244] Israeli forces also detonated explosives throughout the town of Mhaibib, home to the tomb of the prophet Benjamin, destroying nearly all of it. Videos surfaced of soldiers laughing and celebrating as they watched the destruction from a distance.[245][246]

On 19 October, a drone struck Benjamin Netanyahu's residence in Caesarea. Netanyahu was not in the residence at the time and no casualties were reported.[247] Hezbollah later claimed responsibility for the attack.[248]

On 25 October, Three journalists were killed in an Israeli airstrike on a residential compound housing media workers in Hasbaya.[249] Air attacks on Dahieh resumed in what was called one of the worst nights of bombing in the neighborhood to date. Six buildings, including the offices of Al Mayadeen, were destroyed in seventeen raids.[165] On 27 October, the IDF claimed to have killed 70 Hezbollah fighters.[250] The fighting continued in November 2024, and on 1 November, an Israeli airstrike on a home in Amhaz killed at least 12.[251][252]

On 27 November, Israel and Hezbollah announced a 60-day ceasefire[253][254] though the next day Israeli tanks fired on individuals and vehicles it alleged were violating the ceasefire.[255][256]

Yemen and the Red Sea

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Red Sea crisis.
Main article: Red Sea crisis
Further information: 2024 missile strikes in Yemen
Houthi attacks on commercial ships in the Bab-el-Mandeb strait

Houthi militants in Yemen have launched strikes against Israel and commercial ships in the Red Sea.[257][258][259] On 19 October 2023, the United States Navy destroyer USS Carney shot down several missiles that were traveling north over the Red Sea towards Israel.[260] On 31 October, Houthi military spokesperson Yahya Saree said that the group had launched ballistic missiles and drones towards Israel, and that they would continue to do so "to help the Palestinians to victory."[17] On 19 November, the Galaxy Leader, a cargo ship chartered by a Japanese logistics company with 25 individuals on board, was hijacked by the Houthis using a Mil Mi-17 helicopter.[261]

On 3 December, the Houthis said that they had attacked two ships, the Unity Explorer and Number 9 in order "to prevent Israeli ships from navigating the Red Sea".[262][263] Any ship destined for Israel, according to the group, was a "legitimate target". Saree announced in a post on X that the "horrific massacres" against the Palestinians in Gaza was the reason for this decision and that they will not stop until the Gaza Strip is supplied with food and medicine. Israeli National Security Adviser Tzachi Hanegbi called this development a "global issue" and that Israel is "giving the world some time to organize in order to prevent this" otherwise, the country would "act in order to remove this naval siege".[264]

American-led airstrikes in Houthi-controlled Yemen

On 3 January 2024 the United States and a group of countries issued an ultimatum to the Houthis to stop their activities.[265]

Since 12 January 2024 the United States and the United Kingdom, with support from Australia, Bahrain, Canada, and the Netherlands, have launched a series of Tomahawk cruise missile and airstrikes against the Houthis in Yemen in response to Houthi attacks on ships in the Red Sea.[266] Houthi attacks on shipping were condemned by the United Nations Security Council the day before the initial strike.[267][268] US President Joe Biden ordered the strikes, and UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak convened his cabinet to authorize British participation.[269][270] American officials said the strikes were intended to degrade Houthi capabilities to attack Red Sea cargo ships rather than to target leaders and Iranian trainers; the Houthis said at least five people were killed and six wounded.[271][272]

In the week that followed, seven additional Tomahawk missile strikes on targets in Yemen were conducted by the US Navy.[citation needed]

On 19 July, a Houthi drone strike killed one person and wounded 10 near the US embassy in Tel Aviv.[273] On 20 July Israeli planes struck military facilities and oil depots at the port of Hodeidah in response, killing at least 6 people and wounding at least 83 people.[274] On 29 September, the Israeli Air Force struck power plants and port facilities in Al Hudaydah and Ras Issa killing at least six people and injuring 57 others.[275][276][277] The Ministry of Information claimed that the group had emptied the facilities used to store fuel prior to the attack.[278]

Iraq and Jordan

Islamic Resistance in Iraq attacks on US military bases

Main article: Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war

Starting on 17 October 2023 and in response to United States support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war, the Islamic Resistance in Iraq initiated a coordinated series of more than 130 attacks on U.S. military bases and assets in Syria and Iraq.[279][266] These attacks resulted in injuries to dozens of U.S. service members and on 28 January 2024 killed three. In response, the U.S. has launched multiple counterattacks, resulting in the death of over 30 militants including a senior commander of the Nujaba Movement, Mushtaq Talib al-Saidi.[280]

Islamic Resistance in Iraq attacks on Israel

Since November 2023, the Islamic Resistance in Iraq has claimed responsibility for drone and missile attacks against targets within Israel in retaliation for Israeli attacks on Palestinian civilians in Gaza. The group stated it would continue to "strike enemy strongholds." Strikes were recorded in Eilat, the Dead Sea coastline,[281][282] the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights,[283] the Karish rig,[284] Haifa Bay,[285] Ashdod,[286] Kiryat Shmona[287] and in Tel Aviv.[288][289] and in Elifelet.[290]

In late January, the Islamic Resistance in Iraq announced it had entered its second phase of operations which included blockading the Mediterranean maritime routes to Israeli ports and disabling the ports.[286] Since then, the group has launched joint military operations on Israel with the Houthis targeting ships in Haifa port.[291][292]

On 3 October 2024 the Islamic Resistance in Iraq launched a drone strike on an IDF base in the Golan Heights, which killed two IDF soldiers and injured 24 others.[293] By late October, the Iraqi resistance had launched drones on an average of around five times a day. In one 24-hour period in October, the ISI launched eight drones at Israel.[294] By December 2024, Iran-backed militias in Iraq decided to stop their attacks on Israel, as requested by the Iraqi government, in light of Assad's fall in Syria.[295][296][297]

Iranian missile strikes in Iraqi Kurdistan

Main article: 2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria

On 15 January 2024, Iran carried out a series of aerial and drone strikes within Iraq and Syria, claiming that it had targeted the regional headquarters of the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad and several strongholds of terrorist groups in response to the Kerman bombings on 3 January, for which the Islamic State took responsibility.[298] The city of Erbil, which is the capital of Iraq's autonomous Kurdistan Region, was the target of 11 of the 15 total missiles that were fired. The remaining four missiles were directed at Syria's Idlib Governorate, targeting areas held by the Syrian opposition.[299][300] In Erbil itself, the Iranian attack killed four civilians and injured 17 others.[301] Iran's claims of having targeted the Israeli presence in Kurdistan and terrorist groups in Syria were rejected by the Iraqi government and the autonomous Kurdish government, both of which condemned the attack.[302]

Syria

Israeli airstrikes in Syria

Main article: Spillover of the Israel–Hamas war in Syria

From the beginning of the Israel–Hamas war in October 2023 to October 2024, Israel launched more than 220 attacks on Syria through air raids and artillery attacks, killing 296 people, but the Syrian government has largely stayed out of the regional conflict.[303] From 12 to 22 October 2023, Israel launched at least three attacks on airports in Syria, including Damascus International Airport and Aleppo International Airport, killing two meteorological workers ahead of a visit to Syria by Iranian foreign minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian.[304][305] Eight Syrian soldiers were killed by Israeli aistrikes in southwestern Syria on 24 October.[306]

Israel continued to launch airstrikes at targets in Syria in 2024, including in Damascus[307] and Aleppo.[308] On 20 January 2024, Brigadier General Sadegh Omidzadeh, an intelligence officer with the IRGC Quds Force in Syria, along with four other IRGC officers, were reportedly killed in an Israeli airstrike[309][310] on a four-story building in the Mezzeh district of Damascus. The attack resulted in the death of thirteen individuals,[311] including five Iranians, and the complete destruction of the building where leaders aligned with Iran were having a meeting.[312]

On 1 April 2024, Israel bombed the consulate annex of the Iranian embassy in Damascus, killing 16 people, including Mohammad Reza Zahedi, a senior Quds Force commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.[313][314] Thirteen people were killed by an Israeli strike in Damascus on 8 October 2024,[303] On 14 October, two Israeli tanks crossed into Syria, positioning themselves south of Quneitra.[315] On 31 October, SANA reported that Israeli strikes hit a number of residential buildings in Al-Qusayr, damaging its industrial zone and killing 10 people, including civilians.[316] On 14 November, 15 people were killed in Israeli strikes on buildings in Damascus that Israel said were owned by Palestinian Islamic Jihad.[317][318] On 20 November, Israeli strikes in Palmyra killed 92 Iran-backed fighters, including four from Hezbollah, and injured 21 others including seven civilians.[319][320]

November 2024 opposition offensives

Main article: 2024 Syrian opposition offensives
Syrian opposition offensives that overthrew Assad's regime in 11 days

On 27 November 2024, a coalition of Syrian opposition groups launched a surprise offensive against the Syrian government, led by Bashar al-Assad, in the country's northwest.[321] The offensive came after key allies of the Assad government — Russia, Iran, and Hezbollah — were weakened by other conflicts.[322][323] Led by Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), a group formerly associated with al-Qaeda, and Turkish-backed rebels, the offensive was the first since the 2020 ceasefire that largely halted major fighting in the Syrian civil war, which began in 2011.[324] By 30 November, HTS had taken control of most of Aleppo.[325] Russia intervened to conduct several airstrikes on rebel positions in Aleppo.[326] As of 1 December, the rebels had gained control of significant amounts of land in the Hama, Idlib, and Aleppo governorates, and were beginning an offensive into the city of Hama.[321][327] Hama fell under HTS control on 5 December, with the militants continuing south to capture Homs on 7 December.[328][329] The Southern Operations Room rose against the government in Daraa and began an advance into the southern suburbs of Damascus, and were joined by the Revolutionary Commando Army, which captured Palmyra and advanced south into Damascus.[330] Late in the night of 7 December and early into the morning of 8 December, Assad fled the country for Moscow and the SAA command announced the collapse of the Ba'athist regime.[331]

Israeli invasion of Syria

Main article: 2024 Israeli invasion of Syria

After the fall of the Assad regime, Netanyahu said that Israel and Syria's 1974 border agreement had "collapsed" and ordered the Israeli military to seize the Syrian-controlled buffer zone in the Golan Heights.[332] Israel took several offensive actions in Syria, including seizing the Syrian side of Mount Hermon,[333] occupying border villages in the Syrian-controlled portion of the Golan Heights,[334] and bombing targets in Damascus and southern Syria including abandoned weapons stockpiles, an airbase north of Suweida,[335] Mezzeh airbase and the Scientific Studies and Research Center in Damascus.[336] A large fire was started by Israeli strikes on a government intelligence and customs building in Damascus.[337] A civilian was killed and others were detained during Israel's incursions into Al-Qunaitrah province.[338]

Throughout the course of 9 December, Israel carried out over 100 airstrikes on sites in Syria, including Damascus, Daraa, Latakia, and Hama.[339] the IDF struck the Port of Latakia, allegedly targeting Syria's "naval assets."[340] Israel said it destroyed the Syrian fleet overnight.[341] The airstrikes destroyed dozens of fighter jets and helicopters. An Israeli senior official said airstrikes "would persist in the coming days".[342][343] Israel was also reported to have struck Qamishli Airport in northern Syria.[344] By 10 December, Israeli tanks had reached Qatana, 16 miles from Damascus.[345]

Iran

Main article: 2024 Iran–Israel conflict

On 13 April 2024, Iran launched more than 300 missiles and drones towards Israel, of which Israel said it intercepted more than 99 percent.[346] The attack, which was the first-ever direct strike by Iran on Israel, was launched from Iran, Lebanon, Syria, and Yemen[347] and came after the 1 April Israeli bombing of the Iranian consulate in Damascus that killed two Iranian generals among others, for which Iran had pledged retaliation.[348][349] Ballistic missiles from the attack damaged an air base in southern Israel, but the base remained operational.[347][350] The Israeli defense was aided militarily by the United States, United Kingdom, France, and Jordan,[351] and several Arab states including Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates provided intelligence support.[352] In response, on 19 April Israel launched a limited airstrike on Iran that targeted an air defense facility.[353]

Missile interceptions in Lower Galilee during the 1 October 2024 Iranian attack on Israel

On 1 October 2024, in retaliation for several Israeli assassinations — the July killing of Ismail Haniyeh in Tehran, and the 27 September Beirut strike that killed Hassan Nasrallah and Abbas Nilforoushan — Iran launched a second direct attack on Israel that consisted of roughly 200 ballistic missiles.[354][355] The U.S., U.K., France, and Jordan again helped Israel repel most of the Iranian attack.[356][357] Shrapnel from the attack killed one Palestinian civilian in the West Bank.[358] Israel retaliated on 26 October, in the largest attack on Iran since the Iran–Iraq War,[359] with over 100 Israeli aircraft targeting Iran's radar and air defense systems.[360] Israel said the attack severely damaged Iran's air defense and missile production capabilities.[361]

Casualties

Gaza

Main article: Casualties of the Israel–Hamas war

As of December 2024, more than 44,000 people have been killed in Gaza.[362]

Israel has been accused of carrying out a genocide against the Palestinian people by a number of experts, governments, United Nations agencies, and non-governmental organisations during its invasion and bombing of the Gaza Strip in the ongoing Israel–Hamas war.[363][364][365] Various observers, including the UN Special Committee to investigate Israeli practices and the United Nations Special Rapporteur,[366] have cited statements by senior Israeli officials that may indicate an "intent to destroy" (in whole or in part) Gaza's population, a necessary condition for the legal threshold of genocide to be met.[363][367][368] A majority of mostly US-based Middle East scholars believe Israel's actions in Gaza were intended to make it uninhabitable for Palestinians, and 75% of them say Israel's actions in Gaza constitute either genocide or "major war crimes akin to genocide".[369] On 5 December 2024, Amnesty International became the first major global human rights organization to formally accuse Israel of committing genocide in Gaza.[370][371]

West Bank

In the West Bank, related violence during the conflict killed 243 Palestinians and wounded at least 2,472.[372] Several thousand Gazan workers were in Israel at the time when the conflict started. As of 16 October some of them were detained at a "holding facility" in the West Bank while others sought refuge in the Palestinian communities of the West Bank.[373] The Minister of Labor for the Palestinian Authority estimated 4,500 workers are unaccounted for while Israeli media outlet N12 reported 4,000 Gazans were in Israeli holding facilities. The Palestinian Prisoners Society said that Israeli forces had arrested over 1,450 West Bank Palestinians since 7 October.[374] On 29 October, thirty Israeli human rights organizations addressed settler violence in the West Bank, asking the international community to "act urgently" to end it.[375] On 30 October, the German government called on Israel to protect Palestinians in the West Bank.[376] On 31 October, EU chief diplomat Josep Borrell "firmly condemned" settler attacks in the West Bank.[377] Linda Thomas-Greenfield stated the United States was "deeply concerned," and condemned the killings of Palestinians in the West Bank.[378]

Lebanon

The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs reported that 76,000 Lebanese were displaced from their homes. As of 8 January 2024, the Ministry of Public Health of Lebanon reported 570 people wounded.[379]

An Israeli strike on 13 October killed Reuters videographer Issam Abdallah and injured six other journalists from Reuters, Agence France-Presse and Al Jazeera.[380] A February 2024 report by the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon concluded that an Israeli tank killed Abadallah when it fired at "clearly identifiable journalists", and that this broke international law.[381] The report "assessed that there was no exchange of fire across the Blue Line at the time of the incident", with no records of any exchange of fire across the border for the 40 minutes before the tank firing.[381] The Israel Defense Forces responded to the United Nations report by claiming that Hezbollah attacked them, so tank fire was used to retaliate.[381]

At least 200 militants were killed. 157 Hezbollah members, including at least 10 in Syria, 16 Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad members, one Amal Movement member and one SSNP member. One Lebanese army soldier was killed and three others were injured.[citation needed]

Israel

On 7 October 2023, 1,189 people, including 796 civilians were killed[382][383] and 3,400 were injured[384] in the Hamas-led attack on Israel. At least 200,000 civilians were internally displaced from both Israel's northern and Gaza border regions,[385] though this number decreased to approximately 60,000 by early 2024.[386] In the subsequent fighting, 378 Israeli soldiers died in the Gaza Strip and 2,448 were wounded.[387] On the northern border and in Lebanon, 44 civilians and 70 soldiers were killed.[388]

Red Sea and Yemen

U.S.-led airstrikes in Yemen killed 10 and wounded 2 Houthi rebels on 31 December 2023.[389] Five more were killed and 6 wounded in attacks on 12 January 2024.[390]

Two American Navy Seals were declared dead after being missing during an operation to seize Iranian weapons supplying Houthis in Yemen.[391]

In 2023 before the conflict, Israel and Saudi Arabia were reported to be working on normalizing relations.[392] These talks have since ceased.[393][394]

United Nations

Further information: South Africa's genocide case against Israel

On 29 December 2023, South Africa brought a case against Israel before the International Court of Justice accusing Israel of committing genocide against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip during the Israel–Hamas war, in violation of the Genocide Convention.[395] South Africa requested that the ICJ order an immediate halt to Israel's military operations in Gaza among other provisional measures of protection.[396] Israel has contended that its actions in Gaza are targeted only at Hamas and are in legitimate self-defense in accordance with international law.[397] On 26 January 2024, the ICJ said in a preliminary ruling that South Africa's allegations are "plausible" and that Israel must "take all measures within its power" to prevent genocide in Gaza.[398]

Over the course of the Israel–Hamas war, the United Nations Security Council has made numerous attempts to negotiate a ceasefire. A February 2024 resolution demanding a ceasefire was vetoed by the United States for not including a condemnation of the 7 October attack,[399] and on 22 March Russia and China vetoed a U.S.-drafted resolution that would have called for an immediate six-week ceasefire conditional on the release of hostages.[400][401] On 25 March, the UNSC passed Resolution 2728, which called for a ceasefire during the month of Ramadan, the "immediate and unconditional" release of all hostages, and the allowance of humanitarian aid into Gaza.[402][403][404] The U.S. vetoed a later ceasefire resolution in November 2024, saying this was due to the fact that the resolution did not require the immediate release of all hostages.[405]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Activity outside the Gaza Strip is unconfirmed for PRC and PFLP-GC.
  2. ^ Lions' Den are only active in the West Bank.
  3. ^ In the Gaza Strip, smaller Palestinian groups fighting in the war include: Palestinian Freedom Movement (Al-Ansar Brigades),[4][5] Jaysh al-Ummah,[verification needed][better source needed][7] and various minor al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades splinter groups (several of which possibly rejoined the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades just before the war).[5] Furthermore, a number of Palestinian militant groups in the West Bank have involved themselves in the conflict, including: Lions' Den,[8] and various al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades sub-groups such as Hornets' Nest,[9] Jenin Battalion,[10] Qalqilya Battalion, etc.[10]
  4. ^ See List of military aid to Israel during the Israel–Hamas war for more details
  5. ^ While not formally an ally of Israel, the Palestinian Authority actively coordinates with the IDF to combat Palestinian militias in the West Bank and is backed by Israel in its own ongoing conflict against the militias, which has significantly escalated during the Israel–Hamas war.[20][21][22][23][24]
  6. ^ Per the Gaza Health Ministry[50] the number of deaths recorded is 42,519.[51][52]
    The number of dead identified is 34,344, including:[53][54]

    Indirect deaths likely to be multiple times higher[61]

    • The number of natural deaths has gone up by a factor of more than 6 (was 3.85/1000).[62][63]
    • At least 37 deaths confirmed due to malnutrition only and deaths were also confirmed due to dehydration,[64][65] but the true figure is likely to be far higher.[66][67]

    Per Hamas

    • ≤ 20% Hamas fighters (late April 2024)[68]

    Per Israel:

    • 33,000+ Palestinians killed (August 2024)[69]
      • 16,000 civilians (May 2024)[70]
      • 17,000+ militants (September 2024)[71]

    Per US intelligence:

    • 9,000–12,000 militants (as of 6 June 2024)[72][73]
  1. ^ Per United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs: 493 (May 2024)[53]
    Per Gaza government media office: 885[55]
  2. ^ Per the UN[56][57]

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