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Panelház

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Typical 10-storey large-panel system building in Budapest-Kispest (built by the BHK III.)[1]

Panelház (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈpɒnɛlɦaːz], often shortened to panel) is a Hungarian term for a type of concrete block of flats (panel buildings), built in the People's Republic of Hungary and other Eastern Bloc countries. They are also known as Plattenbau in German, Panelák in Czech and Slovak, Blok in Polish.

It was the main urban housing type in the Socialist era,[2] which still dominates the Hungarian cityscapes.

According to the 2011 census, there were 829,177 panel apartments in Hungary (18.9% of the dwellings) that were home to 1,741,577 people (17.5% of the total population).[3] Panelház are not the only type of block of flats in Hungary; as of 2014, 31.6% of Hungarians lived in flats (according to data from Eurostat).[4]

History

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Larsen-Nielsen-type building in Budapest-Újpest (built by the BHK II.)[1]
Precast concrete buildings in Gyöngyös (1974)
Renovated large-panel system building in Szeged
Panel building under renovation in Budapest-Békásmegyer (built by the BHK I.)[1]
3-storey panel block in Budapest (built in 1989) with tiled roof

After World War II a serious housing crisis developed in Hungary due to rapid population growth and urbanization. The exodus of the rural population from rural areas after the collectivization in the late 1940s and the early 1950s was particularly important as a source of migration.[2] Budapest and other cities became overcrowded, and the Communist government eventually responded.[2] After several study visits and conventions, in the early 1960s Hungary bought the large-panel system (LPS) from the Soviet Union and Denmark.[2] The Danish technology was known as the Larsen-Nielsen system and was a common housing method in Western Europe, Turkey, and Hong Kong.[5] By the late 1960s, Hungarian engineers developed the country's own large-panel system (mostly based on the Soviet LPS), adapted to the Hungarian situation.[2] The large-panel system permitted rapid construction that was not constrained by Hungary's relatively cold winters.[2] After the 1968 Ronan Point explosion (a Larsen-Nielsen-type tower block partial collapse in London), Hungarian engineers modified the original system, made the structure more compact and the joints stronger. The Larsen-Nielsen system was retired in Hungary in 1970.[1]

The first, experimental panel residential building was built in Dunaújváros (new industrial city) in 1961, followed by other blocks in Pécs and Debrecen in 1963.[6] The first precast concrete panel work was finished in 1962 in Dunaújváros, while the first large-panel system (LPS) housing factory (these works produced near all parts of these buildings, including the built-up kitchen units and the built-up wardrobes),[2] was built in 1965 in Óbuda, Budapest.[1][6] The first LPS building also was built in Óbuda in 1965.[1]

The structure of Hungarian cities in the immediate post-war period consisted of a historic core surrounded by mostly single-story buildings and workers' houses, predominantly on unpaved streets. The nationwide public housing program of the 1960s changed this.[7] The Communist government demolished the single-story buildings, replacing them with panel blocks. It also created new neighbourhoods on former farmland around the cities.[7]

Panel apartments provided their inhabitants with a real improvement in living conditions. Two and three-bedroom sunny apartments with district heating, piped hot water, and flush toilets replaced what had been predominantly one-bedroom dwellings without modern conveniences.[2][8][9] According to the 1960 census, one-bedroom flats made up 60% of the dwellings in Budapest; this had decreased to 25% in 1990. During this period, the share of dwellings with three or more bedrooms rose from 9% to 35%.[10][11] The last panel building was finished in 1993.[6]

The Hungarian government and local municipalities started renovation programs during the 2000s. These programs insulated the panel buildings, replaced the old doors and windows with multi-layer thermo glass, renovated the heating system, and gave the buildings more attractive exterior colours.[12]

These buildings still dominate the Hungarian cityscape. The share of panel dwellings is 31% in Budapest, 39% in Debrecen, 52% in Miskolc, 38% in Szeged, 42% in Pécs, 41% in Győr, 50% in Székesfehérvár and 60% in Dunaújváros.[3]

Former housing factories

[edit]
City[1] Plant Start of
working 		Technological
equipment
Budapest Budapesti I.sz. Házgyár (BHK I.) 1965 Soviet-Hungarian
Budapest Budapesti II.sz. Házgyár (BHK II.) 1968 Danish (Larsen-Nielsen)[13]
Budapest Budapesti III.sz. Házgyár (BHK III.) 1970 Soviet-Hungarian
Budapest Budapesti IV.sz. Házgyár (BHK IV.) 1974 Soviet-Hungarian
Győr Győri Házgyár (GyHK) 1968 Soviet, GDR and Hungarian
Miskolc Miskolci Házgyár (MHK) 1969 Soviet-Hungarian
Debrecen Debreceni Házgyár (DHK) 1971 Soviet-Hungarian
Szeged Szegedi Házgyár (SzHK) 1972 Soviet-Hungarian
Veszprém Veszprémi Házgyár (VHK) 1975 Soviet-Hungarian
Kecskemét Kecskeméti Házgyár (KHK) 1976 Soviet-Hungarian

Former panel works

[edit]
City[1] Plant Start of
working 		Technological
equipment
Dunaújváros Dunaújvárosi Panelüzem 1962 (shut down in 1982) Hungarian
Pécs Pécsi Panelüzem 1963 Hungarian
Szolnok Szolnoki Panelüzem 1969 (shut down in 1978) Hungarian
Békéscsaba Békéscsabai Panelüzem 1970 Hungarian
Szekszárd Szekszárdi Panelüzem 1972 Hungarian
Kaposvár Kaposvári Panelüzem 1973 Hungarian

Statistics

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5-storey panel block in Dorog (built in 1987). These late-1980s buildings were built with metal reinforced plastic (non-flammable PVC) windows, including 2-layer thermo glass (built by the GyHK)[1]

According to the 2011 census, there were 829,177 panel flats in Hungary (777,263 inhabited, 51,914 tenantless, 18.9% of the dwellings overall), of whom there were 548,464 flats (66.1%) in large-panel system buildings (LPS) and 280,713 (33.9%) in precast concrete (PC) buildings (the LPS is originally unplastered, while the PC is plastered and painted).[3] 7,423 (0.9%) flats were built before 1960, 115,471 (13.9%) in the 1960s, 396,158 (47.8%) in the 1970s, 262,004 (31.6%) in the 1980s, while 48,121 (5.8%) flats were built after 1990.[3] These flats were home to 1,741,577 people (17.5% of the total population).[3] There were 58,698 (7.1% of the total) one-bedroom, 421,274 (50.8%) two-bedroom, 271,422 (32.7%) three-bedroom flat, while 77,783 panel flats (9.4%) had four or more bedroom in 2011.[3]

Average floor space was 54 m2 for an LPS flat and 69 m2 for a PC flat in 2011, lower than the national average (78 m2).[3] The average floor space for a state-built flat (mostly panel flats) was 48 m2[14] in the 1960s, 53 m²[2][14] in the 1970s and 55 m²[2] in the 1980s, significantly smaller than a privately built one (panel blocks also were built by non-governmental organizations, mostly housing cooperatives).[2] Despite economic hardship, flats got even bigger in the late 1980s (before the fall of the Communism), the largest panel flats were built in the Káposztásmegyer housing estate of Budapest with 124 m².[15]

The society of panel housing estates was heterogeneous until the privatization in the early 1990s (after the fall of the Communism), when the poor and the rich fled from these buildings, making them middle class characteristic.[16] The residents of panel buildings predominantly have an above-average level of education,[16] according to the 2011 census, 19.1% of the residents over 25 had Bachelor's degree or higher, while the national average was 17.3%.[17]

Largest panel housing estates

[edit]
Budapest-Újpalota (built by the BHK III.)[1]
Lakótelep (housing estate)[18] City Flats Inhabitants (person)
Újpest-Városközpont ("Újpest City Center") Budapest 16,832 36,000
Újpalota Budapest 15,886 33,000
Pécs-Kertváros ("Pécs Garden City") Pécs 15,856 35,000
Óbuda-Városközpont ("Óbuda City Center") Budapest 13,736 27,000
Békásmegyeri lakótelep ("Békásmegyer housing estate") Budapest 13,394 27,000
Füredi utcai lakótelep ("Füredi housing estate") Budapest 12,233 21,000
Kispesti lakótelep ("Kispest housing estate") Budapest 12,000 27,000
Avasi lakótelep ("Avas housing estate") Miskolc 11,498 40,000[19]
Pécs-Uránváros ("Pécs Uranium City") Pécs 9,651 22,000
Tatabánya-Újváros ("Tatabánya New City") Tatabánya 8,862 20,000
Széchenyi város lakótelep ("Széchenyitown housing estate") Kecskemét 8,673 20,000

Equivalents in other countries

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Dr. Jenő Gilyén: Panelos épületek szerkezetei, Tervezés méretezés, Műszaki Könyvkiadó. Budapest, 1982, pp. 21-25, 158-170, ISBN 963-10-4235-9
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gábor Preisich: Budapest városépítésének története 1945-1990, Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1998, pp. 77-116, ISBN 963-16-1467-0
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Hungarian census 2011 tables 2.1.13, 2.1.22, 2.1.26, 2.2.3, 2.2.6, 2.2.7 (Hungarian)
  4. ^ see section Source data for tables and figures, Housing statistics: tables and figures [1]
  5. ^ "Failure of a High-Rise System". Concrete Construction. 1 March 1969. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  6. ^ a b c Tímea Dénes: Házgyári panelos épületek felújítása Archived 2010-08-07 at the Wayback Machine Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 2000
  7. ^ a b Imre Perényi: A korszerű város ("The modern city"), Műszaki Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1967, p. 183, pp. 157-165
  8. ^ László Berza: Budapest lexikon, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1993, pp. 560-561, pp.668-669, ISBN 963-05-6411-4
  9. ^ Ernő Heim: Új városrész születik - a zuglói új lakónegyed részletes rendezési terve, Budapest, a Főváros folyóirata, Year IV, Vol. 3, 1966, pp. 26-28
  10. ^ 1960. évi népszámlálás (1960 census), 8. Lakások és lakóépületek adatai, Hungarian Central Statistical Office, Budapest, 1963, pp. 26-32
  11. ^ 1990. évi népszámlálás (1990 census), 26. A lakások adatai, Hungarian Central Statistical Office, Budapest, 1993, pp. 260
  12. ^ "General information on various student flats and building types in Budapest". Budapest Corner. Archived from the original on 2010-12-14. Retrieved 2010-12-11.
  13. ^ The Larsen-Nielsen system was retired in 1970 (due to the 1968 Ronan Point explosion) and the BHK II. also adopted the Soviet-Hungarian system.
  14. ^ a b Zsuzsa Körner - Márta Nagy: Az európai és a magyar telepszerű lakásépítés története 1945-től napjainkig, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 2006, pp. 323-324, ISBN 963-9535-45-1
  15. ^ András Ferkai: Lakótelepek, Budapest Főváros Önkormányzata, Budapest, 2005, pp. 74, ISBN 963-9170-86-0
  16. ^ a b "Egedy Tamás írása 2005/03-04". beszelo.c3.hu.
  17. ^ 2011-es népszámlálás - 12. Lakásviszonyok (2011 census - 12. Housing conditions, Hungarian)
  18. ^ "Largest housing estates in Hungary (Hungarian), p. 274" (PDF).
  19. ^ "NOL.hu". NOL.hu.
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