Talk:Forced sterilization in Peru/GA1

GA Review

The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

---

Article (edit | visual edit | history) · Article talk (edit | history) · Watch

Nominator: JD John M. Turner (talk · contribs) 04:43, 23 October 2024 (UTC)

Reviewer: Spookyaki (talk · contribs) 03:24, 2 January 2025 (UTC)

Hi! I'll be reviewing this. Going to do as much as I can tonight for my first pass, but might not finish entirely.

GA review (see here for what the criteria are, and here for what they are not)

1. It is reasonably well written.

   a (prose, spelling, and grammar): b (MoS for lead, layout, word choice, fiction, and lists):

2. It is factually accurate and verifiable, as shown by a source spot-check.

   a (reference section): b (inline citations to reliable sources): c (OR): d (copyvio and plagiarism):

3. It is broad in its coverage.

   a (major aspects): b (focused):

4. It follows the neutral point of view policy.

   Fair representation without bias:

5. It is stable.

   No edit wars, etc.:

6. It is illustrated by images and other media, where possible and appropriate.

   a (images are tagged and non-free content have non-free use rationales): b (appropriate use with suitable captions):

7. Overall:

   Pass/Fail:

First readthrough, notes

Copyvio looks good. Images look good. Made a few small tweaks myself. Notes:

• 1990s ethnic cleansing of native peoples → 1990s Peruvian forced sterilization campaign (possible WP:NPOV issue, while it has been "compared to ethnic cleansing", that doesn't seem to be a universally-accepted designation. Arguably, it is actually genocide under Article II(C) of the Genocide Convention, but still, I think "forced sterilization campaign" is probably best. Also, it seems like it wasn't only native people that were affected, though they were a target group) Spookyaki (talk) 04:49, 2 January 2025 (UTC) Y
• However, there were also Peruvian authors who defended them... — Would "supported" not be a more appropriate term, since they weren't implemented? Spookyaki (talk) 04:49, 2 January 2025 (UTC) Y
• ...inspired by the policies applied in the United States and even in Nazi Germany. Spookyaki (talk) 04:49, 2 January 2025 (UTC) Y
• In this scenario, titled "Negotiation and Agreement with Fujimori: Bases of Negotiation—Concept of Directed Democracy and Market Economy," Fujimori would be pressured to accept the military's agenda at least 24 hours before taking office. — What is "this" in this sentence referring to? Also, probably don't need the title here unless it is crucial to disambiguate it from other scenarios. Spookyaki (talk) 04:49, 2 January 2025 (UTC) Y
• ...disproportionately targeted impoverished and indigenous women, particularly in rural areas. A media controversy orchestrated by Fujimori during his first term (1990–1995) created a conducive environment for his future sterilisation campaign. — These claims need to be cited. Spookyaki (talk) 04:49, 2 January 2025 (UTC)

  Done. JD John M. Turner (talk) 19:48, 9 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• However, after 1995, sterilizations were increasingly performed without prior medical conditions, targeting women from poor and marginalized communities. → However, after 1995, sterilizations were increasingly performed on people without prior medical conditions, targeting women from poor and marginalized communities. Spookyaki (talk) 04:49, 2 January 2025 (UTC) Y
• Many of the healthcare personnel involved... often under coercion. — This paragraph is a bit redundant with the "Methods of coercion" section. Parts could be deleted or moved to that section. Spookyaki (talk) 04:49, 2 January 2025 (UTC) Y
• Notably, many of the rural areas targeted by the program were not overpopulated, but were located in inaccessible, poor and marginalized areas. — Seems like the use of the word "notably" could be editorializing per MOS:EDITORIAL, but the placement of the citation makes me believe that perhaps there was some specific intention behind its use here. Spookyaki (talk) 04:49, 2 January 2025 (UTC)

  That's right. JD John M. Turner (talk) 21:06, 6 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• A significant number of sterilizations were also performed following cesarean sections and without informed consent. — "Informed consent" should probably be linked/explained here, not all the way down in the "Denial" section. Spookyaki (talk) 04:49, 2 January 2025 (UTC) Y
• However, a US congressional investigation led by members of the religious right, who were deeply opposed to sterilization, found no evidence USAID was funding forced sterilizations. — Needs to be cited. Spookyaki (talk) 04:49, 2 January 2025 (UTC)
• Some far-right politicians in Washington opposed USAID's funding of family planning initiatives in the country. → Some far-right American politicians opposed USAID's funding of family planning initiatives in the country. Spookyaki (talk) 04:49, 2 January 2025 (UTC) Y
• Reports also revealed that health professionals... targets could lose their career advancement. — Is there a reason this is in the "Peruvian Catholic Church and NGOs" section? Were these reports by NGOs? Spookyaki (talk) 04:49, 2 January 2025 (UTC)

  Right. JD John M. Turner (talk) 16:53, 8 January 2025 (UTC)

Suggestions not required for GA

• Women were frequently sterilized without informed consent... — Link Informed consent? Spookyaki (talk) 04:49, 2 January 2025 (UTC)

  Done. JD John M. Turner (talk) 16:53, 8 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• These views were primarily promoted by the country's white and mestizo elites... — Link and italicize mestizo? MOS:NONENGITALIC Spookyaki (talk) 04:49, 2 January 2025 (UTC)

  Done. JD John M. Turner (talk) 16:53, 8 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• ...but access remained unequal, with middle-class women enjoying more resources compared to poor, rural, and predominantly indigenous women. Spookyaki (talk) 04:49, 2 January 2025 (UTC)

  Done. JD John M. Turner (talk) 16:53, 8 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• I don't think I usually see the term "Other" capitalized, at least in the postcolonial/queer feminist contexts that I am most familiar with (though maybe I just haven't noticed). It is capitalized in its own article, though, so I guess it's probably correct. Just seems odd to me. Spookyaki (talk) 04:49, 2 January 2025 (UTC)
• Would "Driving Peru into the 21st Century" not be a more natural translation of Impulsar al Perú al siglo XXI? Spookyaki (talk) 04:49, 2 January 2025 (UTC)

  Done. JD John M. Turner (talk) 16:54, 8 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• The prime minister's report, Basic Social Policy Guidelines, and the document Social Policy: Situation and Perspectives both influenced the direction of the sterilization campaign, emphasizing permanent birth control for the poor as a critical element of economic recovery... — Titles are probably not necessary here. Spookyaki (talk) 04:49, 2 January 2025 (UTC)

Overall, looks like a fantastic article to me. Extremely happy to see such excellent coverage of topics in the human rights domain. Will begin the spot check soon, but am going to take a break for now. Thanks for your work! Spookyaki (talk) 04:49, 2 January 2025 (UTC)

Second readthrough, spot check

• Targeting impoverished and predominantly indigenous women in rural Andean regions, this program became the largest state-sponsored sterilization effort in the Americas. — Cannot access this source. Could you give me the relevant passages? Spookyaki (talk) 01:47, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  Ballón Gutiérrez 2023, p. 210:

  Forced sterilization was common practice in Peru in the 1990s, especially under the national reproductive health and family planning program developed in the midst of the armed conflict (1980–2000). However, in spite of the concomitant serious violations of fundamental rights, this practice was not included in the investigations of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Recently published images, videos, testimonies, and texts provide new evidence regarding the role of the armed forces in these eugenic procedures, the largest state-run population control program in the Americas. JD John M. Turner (talk) 00:17, 5 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• For fns 2, 3, 8, 10, 11 and 11 the page numbers seem off. In the copy I'm looking at, the relevant passages are on pages 3, 10, 6/8, 8 and 10 respectively. It's possible it's different in your copy, which is fine. Just make sure that the page numbers are right. Spookyaki (talk) 01:47, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  I checked, and it looks like that may be the problem. JD John M. Turner (talk) 00:18, 5 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• ...the imperatives of racial hygiene. — Direct quote, should be paraphrased or put in quotation marks. Spookyaki (talk) 01:47, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  I put quotes around it, as you suggested. JD John M. Turner (talk) 00:18, 5 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• Is a particular section of Ewig being cited in fn 7, or the entire thing? Spookyaki (talk) 01:47, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  The introduction is being cited. JD John M. Turner (talk) 00:20, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

• These views were primarily promoted by the country's white and mestizo elites. — Could you provide the supporting passage(s) for me? Spookyaki (talk) 01:51, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  Vasquez Del Aguila 2022, p. 103:

  • Three centuries of Spanish colonisation have produced a ‘hierarchy of bodies’ in Peru, based on a marked racial and social symbolic classification, that implies the subordination of Indigenous populations by the hegemonic blanco (white) elite. The formation of a republic and democracy did not eliminate the subordination of racial minorities as the white and criollo (Spanish ancestry) hegemony persisted.. Public debates about the so-called ‘Indian Problem’ posited the Indian (Indigenous) subject as an obstacle to national progress, while whiteness became associated with the ‘improvement’ of the racial profile of the nation.

  Ewig 2006, p. 636:

  • Malthusian population principles also had a strong regional presence in Latin America and a national presence in Peru, where many elites believed that indigenous, African descent, and other poor populations hampered national progress.

  JD John M. Turner (talk) 00:25, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  Unfortunately, this passage supports the idea that there was a racial hierarchy, but does not support the claim that eugenics was promoted by Peru's white and mestizo elite. Spookyaki (talk) 00:34, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  Combining the two ideas would be WP:SYNTH? JD John M. Turner (talk) 00:39, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  In this case, yes. There is a connection being drawn between the two ideas that isn't in either source. Also, "Malthusian population principles" is not synonymous with "eugenics". Spookyaki (talk) 00:51, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  Deleted. JD John M. Turner (talk) 21:43, 9 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• In the 1930s, the Peruvian government encouraged the immigration of white Europeans as part of efforts to alter the country's racial composition. — Could you provide the supporting passage(s)? Spookyaki (talk) 01:51, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  My mistake, I misunderstood the source. Information deleted. JD John M. Turner (talk) 00:26, 5 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• However, there were also Peruvian authors who supported them, inspired by the policies applied in the United States and Nazi Germany. — Stucchi-Portocarrero p. 8 clearly supports the claim that Peruvian eugenic movements were influenced by Nazi Germany, but I don't see any mention of the United States. Could you provide the supporting passage? Spookyaki (talk) 01:47, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  Stucci-Portocarrero, p. 106 (Conclution):

  • Nevertheless, there were also Peruvian authors who defended ‘hard’ measures, such as forced sterilization and eugenic abortion, inspired by policies implemented in the USA and even in Nazi Germany.

  JD John M. Turner (talk) 00:28, 5 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• As the sexual revolution unfolded in the United States and globally... — Could you provide the supporting passage(s)? Spookyaki (talk) 01:47, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  Boesten 2007, p. 4:

  • The 1970s saw an increasing interest for birth control methods among middle class women. Feminist organizations emerged, and demands for improved access to a wide range of birth control methods were voiced. This marked the beginning of a long and unfinished conflict with the Catholic Church and its representatives in government.

  JD John M. Turner (talk) 00:30, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  And this is referring to the United States? Spookyaki (talk) 00:37, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  Changed. JD John M. Turner (talk) 00:45, 5 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• Due to the Church's influence, the 1985 legislation did not legalize voluntary sterilization or abortion, a decision that disappointed many feminist activists. — Didn't catch this last time, but the "1985 legislation" (I assume the 1985 National Law on Population) is not mentioned before this point, so it doesn't make sense to refer to "the" 1985 legislation. This point should be expanded upon. Spookyaki (talk) 01:47, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  I agree with you. JD John M. Turner (talk) 00:30, 5 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• In the 1980s, the Peruvian Armed Forces grew increasingly frustrated with President Alan García's inability to address the country's economic and political crises, including the civil war. In response, the military began drafting a plan to overthrow his government and implement a neoliberal economic system under an authoritarian regime. — Cannot access fn 18. Could you provide the supporting passage(s)? Spookyaki (talk) 02:56, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  Rospigliosi 1996, pp 28—40:

  • "Between 1988 and 1989, it seems that a coup, originally planned against Alan García, began to take shape. The guiding ideas of that military movement are contained in a document that we can call the Plan for the Coup [Plan Verde], which consists of three volumes and was prepared by military and civilians, although not all those involved knew exactly what it was about. It was ready in October 1989 and underwent subsequent updates ... It is necessary to know aspects of this Plan because it reflects the new military mentality ... The starting point is that the country is becoming ungovernable due to 'the APRO-SUBVERSIVE experience' [the civil war] and that the Armed Forces are the only structured organization, with defined aims and objectives, and capable of taking charge of the country ... In general, it proposes a liberal economic program ..." [translated from Spanish].

  JD John M. Turner (talk) 00:38, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  C: “Liberal” here refers to “neo-liberal”. Not social liberalism. JD John M. Turner (talk) 00:41, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  Where does it mention the specific reasons for frustrations with García? Spookyaki (talk) 00:53, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  Rospigliosi 96, p. 35, states that "In synthesis, the Plan for the Coup was basically based on an estimation of the alleged crisis of governance in the country, generated by the subversive violence and by the mistakes of Alan García and the APRA. [Even in the plan, quoted by Rospigliosi, Alan Garcia is mentioned as a “traitor” by the military] ... c. Practical impossibility of a solution to the Peruvian crisis after the legal entrapment that the traitor García Pérez has produced...." [translated from Spanish.] JD John M. Turner (talk) 01:06, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  Right, so it seems clear that they were frustrated by a "crisis of governance" generated by "subversive violence" (is this the civil war?). Does it elaborate on specifically the "economic crisis" at any point? Spookyaki (talk) 01:15, 5 January 2025 (UTC)  Semi-done

  No, but I believe that information can be inferred. I am uncertain about how to resolve that. JD John M. Turner (talk) 21:44, 9 January 2025 (UTC)

  ...to address the country's economic and political crises... Spookyaki (talk) 21:46, 9 January 2025 (UTC)

  Done. JD John M. Turner (talk) 22:24, 9 January 2025 (UTC)

• ...as in neo-Malthusian theory... — Could you provide the supporting passage(s)? Spookyaki (talk) 02:56, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  Ballón Gutierrez 2023:

  • "the country’s Malthusian reproductive health programs were an integral part of the national security goals developed by the state in collusion with the armed forces...outlined in the guidelines of the 1989 Plan for a Government of National Reconstruction, better known as the Green Plan."

  JD John M. Turner (talk) 00:44, 5 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• Business elites, who maintained close relations with military planners, supported this agenda, providing economic ideas that aligned with the military's goals. — This information seems to be on page 74 for me, not page 60. Is that true for you? Spookyaki (talk) 02:56, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  That's right. JD John M. Turner (talk) 01:09, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  Please revise. Spookyaki (talk) 17:49, 6 January 2025 (UTC)

  I have downloaded in JSTOR the full version, and indeed the information is on page 74. I corrected it JD John M. Turner. Y

• One key aspect of this plan, detailed in a volume titled Driving Peru into the XXI Century (Spanish: Impulsar al Perú al siglo XXI), involved a population control strategy aimed at impoverished citizens. — Cannot access fn 18. Could you provide the supporting passage(s)? Spookyaki (talk) 02:56, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  Rospigliosi, 96: "In topics such as the 'Peruvian population strategy for the first half of the 21st century', ideas frankly similar to those of the Nazis appear. There it is said that 'Peru's most important problem lies in the fact that its demographic trends after World War II have reached epidemic proportions' (ibid.:11). The conclusion is that it is necessary to 'curb population growth as soon as possible', so that 'a treatment for the existing surpluses' is urgently needed. In addition, 'the widespread use of sterilization processes for culturally backward and economically impoverished groups is desirable. Without these unnecessary burdens, access to certain levels of welfare for weak family groups would be facilitated' (ibid.:11-12)." JD John M. Turner (talk) 01:13, 5 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• Peruvian analyst Fernando Rospigliosi likened these ideas to those of the Nazis, noting the extreme language used in the plan... — Cannot access fn 18. Could you provide the supporting passage(s)? Spookyaki (talk) 02:56, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  Rospigliosi stated that "ideas frankly similar to those of the Nazis appear." I immediately assumed hereferred to the Final Solution, and linked the text to that article. JD John M. Turner (talk) 01:15, 5 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• Montesinos modified the original strategy to centralize his authority, increasing the power of the SIN and decreasing the institutional influence of the military. This adaptation allowed Montesinos to hold power behind the throne through the SIN, leaving aside the initial military architects of the plan. — Could you provide the supporting passage(s)? Spookyaki (talk) 02:56, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  I deleted that info because I considered it irrelevant, I will add it to the Plan Verde article itself. JD John M. Turner (talk) 01:16, 5 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• Rospigliosi suggested that an agreement was reached between Fujimori, his intelligence chief Vladimiro Montesinos, and key military officers involved in Plan Verde prior to Fujimori's inauguration. — Cannot access fn 18. Could you provide the supporting passage(s)? Spookyaki (talk) 02:56, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  Rospigliosi 1996, pp. 35. “There was an understanding between Fujimori, Montesinos and some of the military personnel who participated in the elaboration of the coup plan before July 28, 1990, the date Fujimori assumed the presidency”. [translated from Spanish]. JD John M. Turner (talk) 01:21, 5 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• As a result, many of the policies outlined in Plan Verde were later adopted during Fujimori's administration. — This information is also on page 74 for me, not page 60. Is that true for you? Spookyaki (talk) 02:56, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  That's right. JD John M. Turner (talk) 01:20, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  Please revise. Spookyaki (talk) 17:49, 6 January 2025 (UTC)

  Done. JD John M. Turner. Y

• The Family Planning Program (1991–1998) was initially supported by national and international organizations due to the historical neglect of comprehensive reproductive health policies in Peru. — Could you provide the supporting passage(s)? Spookyaki (talk) 03:24, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  Vasquez Del Aguila 2022

  • "Fujimori’s Family Planning programme was embraced as a long-awaited policy by both national and international progressive organisations in a context of historic neglect of comprehensive reproductive policies in Peru."

  JD John M. Turner (talk) 01:23, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  I cannot find this passage in Vasquez Del Aguila. Could you give me a page number/section?

  Also, if it is in Vasquez Del Aguila, cite that instead of Ewig. Spookyaki (talk) 01:31, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  p.103. JD John M. Turner (talk) 01:38, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  Okay, I see it. Please cite Vasquez Del Aguila instead of Ewig. Spookyaki (talk) 01:39, 5 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• In 1993, the government expanded the program, citing the need for population control to ensure the provision of basic social services. Reports from the prime minister influenced the direction of the sterilization campaign, emphasizing permanent birth control for the poor as a critical element of economic recovery. — Could you provide the supporting passage(s)? I cannot find a reference to such an expansion in Ewig. Spookyaki (talk) 03:24, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  "An influential document entitled "Basic Social Policy Guide lines," developed in 1993 by the prime minister's staff, projected dramatic population growth for Peru and argued that this increase, if left un checked, would outstrip the economy's ability to provide adequate employment and basic social services. Although this document does not offer a specific population control strategy, it does provide justification for such a policy based on economic and demographic trends." JD John M. Turner (talk) 01:28, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  "Another document, "Social Policy: Situation and Perspectives," dis cussed family planning services more explicitly, as one of a number of "goods" to be distributed to the neediest communities. This approach had the potential to expand access to family planning methods to the poor, who had not previously been served. However, the document also demonstrated the government's clear preference for sterilization over other methods of family planning." JD John M. Turner (talk) 01:29, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  Ewig, 2006. JD John M. Turner (talk) 01:35, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  This section does not discuss an expansion of the program. It does discuss "expand[ing] access to family planning methods to the poor" via the program, but it does not say that the program itself expanded. Also, do we know "Social Policy: Situation and Perspectives" was published in 1993? And where is "permanent birth control" discussed? Spookyaki (talk) 01:35, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  I mean... refer sterilization. JD John M. Turner (talk) 01:39, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  Ah, I see. In that case, use the term "sterilization" in the article. Spookyaki (talk) 01:41, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  Done. JD John M. Turner.

You have still not shown evidence that the program was expanded. Spookyaki (talk) 21:39, 9 January 2025 (UTC)  Semi-done

Rephrased. JD John M. Turner (talk) 21:50, 9 January 2025 (UTC)

• Before the program's expansion, fewer than 15,000 sterilizations were performed annually, primarily for women with specific health risks or those with multiple children. However, after 1995, sterilizations were increasingly performed on people without prior medical conditions, targeting women from poor and marginalized communities. By 1996, the number of sterilizations had increased to 67,000, and by 1997, it reached 115,000. — Could you provide the supporting passage(s)? I cannot find any of these numbers in Ewig. Spookyaki (talk) 03:24, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  Coe 2004, p.62:"According to the MoH [Peru's Ministry of Health], the total number of sterilisations performed annually within its facilities rose from less than 15,000 prior to 1995 to 67,000 procedures in 1996 and approximately 115,000 in 1997. However, interviews with donor representatives revealed that the MoH did not have enough adequately trained medical personnel or appropriate equipment to make good quality sterilisation services that widely available in such a short period of time. Health care workers did not have the necessary counselling skills and were unable to provide quality information prior to procedures. As a main strategy, sterilisation campaigns were car-ried out in which surgical teams were dispatched for one day at a time to perform procedures in rural and isolated areas. This practice jeopardised service quality as well as follow-up care."

  I don't know why there are several footnote calls wth Ewig, I must correct that error. JD John M. Turner (talk) 01:45, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  Okay, yes, do see that in Coe. Once the footnote is fixed should be good. Spookyaki (talk) 01:47, 5 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• The program was presented using progressive rhetoric, with Fujimori framing population control as essential for modernization and economic growth. — Cite pages 641 and 643. Also, please provide the passage where these ideas are framed as being progressive. Spookyaki (talk) 03:24, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  Vasquez Del Aguila, p. 104: "The programme discourse was framed by a progressive rhetoric unprecedented in Peruvian society. JD John M. Turner (talk) 01:47, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  Got it. Please cite Vasquez Del Aguila as well then. Spookyaki (talk) 01:49, 5 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• He criticized the Catholic Church, which opposed the use of modern contraceptive methods, as an obstacle to family planning efforts. — Cite page 641. Spookyaki (talk) 03:24, 3 January 2025 (UTC) Y
• Notably, many of the rural areas targeted by the program were not overpopulated, but were located in inaccessible, poor and marginalized areas. — Could you provide the supporting passage(s)? I cannot find any references to targeted rural areas not being overpopulated in Ewig. Also, provide passages(s) supporting the idea that the source views this as being notable. Spookyaki (talk) 03:24, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  Stavig 2017, p. 16. "Perhaps most disturbingly, many of the rural areas on which the program focused on were not “...overpopulated area[s]...rather they were set in inaccessible, poor, and marginalized areas” (Boesten 2007: 7)." JD John M. Turner (talk) 01:26, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  If that's from Stavig, please cite that instead of Ewig. Spookyaki (talk) 01:37, 5 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• Between 1996 and 2000, an estimated 300,000 Peruvians were sterilized, the vast majority of whom were indigenous, poor, and illiterate women. — Misrepresenting the source. On page 100, it says that "over 200,000 women were sterilised without giving free, prior and informed consent between 1996–2000", not 300,000. (Vasquez Del Aguila, p. 100) Also be sure to include other estimates from page 104. "The total number of sterilisations and vasectomies under the NPRHFP are unclear. Table 1 shows official data of 260,874 sterilisations and 21,494 vasectomies during the six years of the Programme, but several other sources estimate that more than 300,000 sterilisations were conducted". (Vasquez Del Aguila, p. 104) Spookyaki (talk) 03:24, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  I should note that the estimated number of sterilizations (tubal ligations/vasectomies) varies by source (200,000-300,000), but most recentsources favor over 300,000 sterilizations. JD John M. Turner (talk) 01:51, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  Got it. I think you should probably mention all of the estimates. If recent sources straightforwardly favor 300,000+ sterilizations, please cite those sources. Spookyaki (talk) 01:53, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  You could also use an explanatory footnote (see WP:REFNEST). Maybe something like:

  "Between 1996 and 2000, an estimated 300,000 Peruvians were sterilized, the vast majority of whom were indigenous, poor, and illiterate women." Y

References

References

Spookyaki (talk) 01:59, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

• Fujimori's government used feminist discourse to legitimize the campaign, framing it as a progressive step toward women's empowerment and family planning, even as human rights violations occurred. The sterilization program has since been condemned as a violation of human rights and a case of state-led abuse of vulnerable populations. — Cannot access this source. Could you provide the supporting passage(s)? Spookyaki (talk) 03:24, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  Ballon-Gutierrez, 2023, p. 212: "The appropriation of prochoice feminist discourse achieved popularity and acceptance in Fujimori’s speech to the nation at the Congress of the Republic on July 28, 1995: “The state will assist low-income and lower-education families so that they can have the same access to family planning methods as do higher-income house-holds. . . . It is fair that we broadcast, in depth, family planning methods. We have been and will be a pragmatic government, without taboos or ‘sacred cows.’ Peruvian women must own their destiny!” (Fujimori, 1995a). He made a similar speech at the Fourth Women’s Conference in Beijing in 1995, where he was the only male participant: “My government has decided to carry out, as part of its social development and poverty reduction policy, a comprehensive family planning strategy that addresses, openly and for the first time in the history of our country, the serious lack of information and services on this topic so that women can have autonomy and freedom over their own lives” (Fujimori, 1995b)." JD John M. Turner (talk) 01:54, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  Looks good. Can I also get the section about supporting The sterilization program has since been condemned as a violation of human rights and a case of state-led abuse of vulnerable populations? Spookyaki (talk) 02:02, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  While I have found no explicit source to support this claim verbatim, it is inferred from all the other verified claims. JD John M. Turner.

Could you not cite the DW article? Or one of the following:

"The repressive aspects, the force and the gross human rights violation it represented towards thousands of defenseless women were left out of the public narrative." (Dahl 2019)

"...this human rights violation." (Carranza Ko 2023)

"His [Fujimori's] death coincided with new legal investigations into human rights abuses, including allegations that his administration forced thousands of Indigenous Peruvian women to be sterilized and reportedly disguised this campaign as a family planning initiative." (Carranza Ko 2024)

If not, please remove the claim per WP:OR. Spookyaki (talk) 21:39, 9 January 2025 (UTC)

Removed. Probably reserved for the lead. JD John M. Turner (talk) 21:52, 9 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• During the implementation of sterilization programs in Peru, numerous procedures were performed under coercive circumstances. Indigenous women often faced pressure when seeking basic healthcare, such as treatment for minor ailments, vaccinations, or routine check-ups. — I do not see any support for this on page 740 of Kravetz. Could you provide the supporting passage(s)? Spookyaki (talk) 06:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  Vasquez Del Aguila 2022 "Most sterilisations were under ‘deceit manifesto, coercion or serious threat to women’ (Ballón, 2014; Boesten, 2007). This type of intervention was enacted when Indigenous women were being treated for health conditions such as flu, or presented for vaccination, or simply soliciting information. For example, Hilaria Supa attended a rural clinic to be treated for flu and without her knowledge or consent, was anaesthetised and sterilised. Many others were sterilised after a caesarean (Boesten, 2007)." JD John M. Turner (talk) 01:58, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  Looks good, but please cite Vasquez Del Aguila instead of Kravetz. Spookyaki (talk) 02:01, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  Done. JD John M. Turner. Y

• In some instances, individuals who visited clinics for conditions like the flu were anesthetized and sterilized without their consent. Cesarean sections were also used as opportunities to carry out sterilizations without informed consent... — The informed consent claim is substantiated by page 740 of Kravetz, but I don't see any support for the other claims. Could you provide the supporting passage(s)? Spookyaki (talk) 06:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  Done. Added Vasquez Del Aguila. JD John M. Turner. Y

• ...and healthcare workers sometimes offered food incentives—such as bags of rice—to persuade women to undergo the procedure. — I cannot find any support for this claim in Ewig. Could you provide the supporting passage(s)? Spookyaki (talk) 06:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  Done. JD John M. Turner. Y

• Moreover, many healthcare workers lacked adequate training, and the facilities used were frequently outdated or poorly equipped. Counseling services were minimal, leaving women unaware of the procedure’s risks and implications. — I do not see any evidence of this claim on page 106 of Vasquez Del Aguila. Could you provide the supporting passage(s)? Spookyaki (talk) 06:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  "MINSA [Peru's Ministry of Health], however, did not ensure the training of health personnel or the renewal of equipment for the implementation of sterilization services. This created a vacuum in the procedures, which were carried out in deficient conditions." Ruiz Alvarado (2019)

In that case, please cite Ruiz Alvarado instead of Vasquez Del Aguila. Y

[translated from Spanish]

• Additional forms of coercion included threats involving police and military intervention, denial of healthcare services, and, in extreme cases, threats of imprisonment. These tactics were employed to pressure women into accepting sterilization without fully understanding its consequences or providing genuine consent. — I do not see any evidence of this on page 740 of Kravetz. Could you provide the supporting passage(s)? Spookyaki (talk) 06:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  Vasquez Del Aguila p. 106: "[Healthcare practitioners] always look for the poorest women, especially those who don’t understand Spanish […] they make them put their fingerprint on a sterilisation paper they don’t understand because they can’t read. If the women refuse, they threaten to cut off the food and milk programmes. (Testimony registered by Tamayo, 1999) There are cases where healthcare practitioners falsified or hid information from female patients, for instance informing them that sterilisation was the only birth control method available (Ballón, 2014). There are also documented cases of intentional misinformation or verbal manipulation:" JD John M. Turner (talk) 02:09, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  Looks like some of the issues with the Ewig citations also apply to the Kravetz citations. You know the deal, please cite Vasquez Del Aguila. Spookyaki (talk) 02:10, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  "Other forms of intimidation were the threat of police intervention, the loss of health services, or deprivation of liberty." JD John M. Turner (talk) 02:10, 5 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• In certain areas, Shining Path guerrillas reportedly protected some Indigenous communities from the forced sterilization efforts carried out by Ministry of Health brigades. — This claim must be cited. Spookyaki (talk) 06:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  Ok. JD John M. Turner (talk) 02:11, 5 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• The sterilization practices, which occurred predominantly during the 1990s, have been compared to ethnic cleansing and, in some instances, labeled as genocide. — Firstly, Kravetz 740 does not appear to support this claim. Secondly, only one of the sources listed here (Back & Zavala) actually makes an argument that the campaign was an instance of ethnic cleansing. It seems like they mostly argue that the campaign constituted genocide. It might be more accurate to say that they have been "labeled as genocide and in some instances compared to ethnic cleansing". Spookyaki (talk) 06:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  I believe your suggestion is valid. Furthermore, it appears that there is consensus among the sources assert that "Forced sterilization in Peru was a crime against humanity." JD John M. Turner (talk) 02:13, 5 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• ..."genocidal intent disguised behind a supposed birth control policy". — I cannot find this quote on pages 27-28 of Getgen, or anywhere in Getgen for that matter. Is it in Ballón Gutiérrez? Spookyaki (talk) 06:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  Deleted. JD John M. Turner (talk) 22:00, 9 January 2025 (UTC)

• Plan Verde's architects reportedly perceived the reproductive capabilities of indigenous populations as a threat to national stability, linking these communities to communist insurgencies, such as the Shining Path guerrilla group. — Cannot access fn 1. Could you provide the supporting passage(s)? Spookyaki (talk) 06:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  I have removed the information as it may violate WP:SYNTH. JD John M. Turner (talk) 00:08, 10 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• Alejandra Ballón Gutiérrez, a Peruvian researcher, asserts that forced sterilization served as "a weapon of war and an instrument of torture" aimed at indigenous women. — Cannot access fn 39. Could you provide the supporting passage(s)? Also, how does fn 25 support this claim? Spookyaki (talk) 06:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  fn25: Gaussens, p. 187 "This is why, according to artist and anthropologist Alejandra Ballón, a specialist in the field, “the massive case of forced sterilization in Peru must be considered a weapon of war” (49)." [Translated from French]. JD John M. Turner (talk) 02:17, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  Oh okay, I see. I assume the rest of the quote is in Ballón Gutiérrez? Spookyaki (talk) 02:20, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  Also, please cite p. 187, not p. 186. Spookyaki (talk) 02:21, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  Yes. Ballon Gutierrez 2023. JD John M. Turner (talk) 02:23, 5 January 2025 (UTC) Y

  In the light of these testimonies and documents, it is clear that the national reproductive health program that favoured forced sterilization was part of national security goals developed during the two consecutive Fujimori administrations in complicity with the armed forces. For the sake of the national memory, we must make an effort to understand that those affected by that program were victims of political violence. Forced sterilization did not merely coincide with the armed conflict; it was a weapon of war and an instrument of torture of women and the indigenous people that the state considered a crucial part of the terrorist uprising, as outlined in the Green Plan [Plan Verde]. It is important to recover the historical context: the eugenics of forced sterilization remains the worst crime committed by the state against rural indigenous women in our republican history. These experiences still struggle to be heard, and neither justice, memory, nor reparations will take place as long as we continue to perpetuate this ignominious history of exclusion. (Ballón Gutierrez 2023 p.219) JD John M. Turner (talk) 22:03, 9 January 2025 (UTC)

Sorry, that one actually was done. Not sure why I marked it. Spookyaki (talk) 22:07, 9 January 2025 (UTC)

• Under Ollanta Humala's administration, the Registry of Victims of Forced Sterilizations (Reviesfo) within the Peruvian Ministry of Justice was created in 2016. — While Reviesfo is discussed on pages 14-15 on Carranza Ko, its establishment is not. That is discussed on page 25, and there it says that it was established under Pedro Pablo Kuczynski's administration. It does not give a year for its establishment. Is there something I'm missing? Spookyaki (talk) 06:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  "In 2015, under Ollanta Humala’s presidency, the Peruvian government launched the REVIESFO, the National Register for Women Affected by Forced Sterilisation in Peru, handled by the Ministry of Justice. For the first time, a state register recorded how many women have actually gone through forced sterilisations."

  Source: https://shado-mag.com/opinion/the-fight-for-reparations-for-women-affected-by-forced-sterilisations-in-peru/ JD John M. Turner (talk) 02:29, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  "Even the governments that succeeded Fujimori’s presidency did not establish a relationship with victims, with the notable exceptions of President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (2016–2018) who set up the registry for victims (REVIESFO)..." (Carranza Ko 2023, p. 23). I would consider Carranza Ko to be a stronger source in this case, but it might be worth mentioning this piece in a footnote. Spookyaki (talk) 02:33, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  I forgot to cite this. JD John M. Turner (talk) 02:33, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  I have included it as it appeared in Carranza Ko for verifiability. JD John M. Turner (talk) 22:05, 9 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• ...this agency was able to identify at least 5,000 women who underwent sterilization against their will. Therefore, the actual number is estimated to be higher. — I cannot find any reference to this 5,000 number in either Carranza Ko or Vasquez Del Aguila. Could you provide the supporting passage(s)? Spookyaki (talk) 06:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  Reviewing these figures, it appears that the number of identified victims has risen to 8,000. Ballon Gutierrez 2023, p. 215. JD John M. Turner (talk) 02:33, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  Got it. In that case, do cite Ballon Gutierrez and adjust the numbers. Spookyaki (talk) 02:35, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  "Created barriers to reparations

  When applied, the amendments to the reparations law would benefit roughly 8000 women (and men) who are registered in the Registry of Victims of Forced Sterilization (RE-VIESFO) (Vidal Carrasco, 2022: 48). However, it is important to note that REVIESFO does not represent all the women and men who were forcedly sterilized as a result of the family planning campaign. This is primarily due to the difficulties in registering for the REVIESFO. To register you need your national identification card (DNI); birth certificate; baptism certificate; any other additional document of identification; medical record on tubal ligation; and in the case that you do not have a medical record, one must request a diagnostic test that confirms tubal ligation (ONAMIAP, 2018).

  Not every Peruvian person has a DNI. Although government statistics indicate that 97.2% of the total population has a DNI (INEI, 2022), according to the UNICEF, only 40.1% of peoples from Indigenous communities have a DNI (Fornara, 2018). Challenges to obtaining a DNI are common, with Indigenous peoples needing to travel to the bigger cities for paperwork, which can be of high risk depending on the lengths and conditions of travel. Additionally, there are reported cases of identity theft of Indigenous persons, who travelled for days to cities only to find out that their identities had been stolen (Rodrı́guez Alzza, 2020). Relating these difficulties back to the REVIESFO, as the majority of the peoples affected by coercive sterilization were of Indigenous descent, thus, they likely had a harder time registering their cases—which necessitates a DNI—as victims. Disregarding the possible excluded population, nevertheless, the changes in the Law on Integral Reparations Plan would still benefit the 8000 women and men who were able to record their cases in the REVIESFO. In that, there was some merit to the proposed legal changes to the reparations law." (Carranza Ko, 2023 p. 14) JD John M. Turner (talk) 22:11, 9 January 2025 (UTC)

  In the article, please. Spookyaki (talk) 22:15, 9 January 2025 (UTC)

  It was already done. JD John M. Turner (talk) 22:32, 9 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• According to Peru's congressional subcommittee investigations, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), and the Nippon Foundation supported the sterilization efforts of the Fujimori government. — Cite page 46 of Informe final... Spookyaki (talk) 06:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  Done. JD John M. Turner (talk) 22:32, 9 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• For three decades, USAID has been the principal foreign donor to family planning in Peru. Until the 1990s, the Peruvian government's commitment to providing family planning services was limited. — While Chávez et al. does appear to support this claim, it doesn't appear to have a page 109 (it begins on page 139). Are your page number different? Spookyaki (talk) 06:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  Done. JD John M. Turner (talk) 22:17, 9 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• In January 1998, David Morrison, from the U.S.-based NGO Population Research Institute (PRI), traveled to Peru to investigate claims of human rights abuses related to these programs. During his visit, Morrison gathered testimony from Peruvian politicians and other figures opposed to family planning but did not meet with USAID officials in Peru. — Same as above. This information is on page 140 in my copy. Spookyaki (talk) 06:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC) Y
• Upon his return to the United States, the PRI submitted its findings to U.S. Congressman Chris Smith, a member of the Republican Party, urging for the suspension of USAID's family planning efforts in Peru. Smith subsequently dispatched a member of his staff to Peru for further investigation. — Also page 140. Spookyaki (talk) 06:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC) Y
• In February 1998, another far-right U.S. organization, the Latin American Alliance for the Family, sent its director to Peru to examine the situation, again without consulting USAID officials. On February 25, 1998, a subcommittee of the U.S. House Committee on International Relations, chaired by Smith, held a hearing on "the Peruvian population control program". — This is on pages 140-141 for me. Spookyaki (talk) 06:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC) Y
• Allegations that USAID was funding forced sterilizations in Peru prompted Congressman Todd Tiahrt to introduce the "Tiahrt Amendment" in 1998. However, the subcommittee concluded that USAID's funding had not supported the abuses committed by the Peruvian government. — Tiahrt is given a passing mention on page 141 of Chávez et al, but his amendment is not discussed. I don't see any mention of Tiahrt at all in fn 46. Am I missing something? Spookyaki (talk) 06:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  Done. JD John M. Turner (talk) 22:20, 9 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• Efforts to address the forced sterilizations have been pursued by both civil society and the government. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was established in 2001 to investigate two decades of civil war between the Shining Path, rondas campesinas (peasant militias), and the Peruvian military. — This context for the report needs to be sourced. Spookyaki (talk) 06:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC) Y
• Its final report, published in 2003, concluded that Vladimiro Montesinos had taken the Plan Verde military conspiracy beyond what its original plotters had envisioned. — This is supported by pages 336-337 of the report. Right now the pages are listed as 328–305, which I assume is a mistake. Spookyaki (talk) 06:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC)
• The Commission was criticized, however, for not investigating the forced sterilization campaign. — This claim needs to be cited. Spookyaki (talk) 06:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC) Y
• This position was often articulated through the defense of women's "right to motherhood." The Church's opposition gained international attention through media statements that emphasized concerns about violations of personal freedoms. — While this is mostly supported by fn 42, I don't see the phrase "Right to Motherhood" anywhere in the source. Spookyaki (talk) 06:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  The Peruvian Catholic Church integrated into its conservative discourse many progressive notions from human rights and public health frameworks in order to oppose family planning. Inters of human rights, the Catholic Church used the discourse of women’s freedom to oppose the family planning campaign, ‘it violates our people’s freedom’ was their coordinated response to the local and international media. Another common narrative was the defence of ‘women’s rights to motherhood’ (Yon, 2000). JD John M. Turner (talk) 15:35, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  Vasquez Del Aguila, 2022, p.109 JD John M. Turner (talk) 15:36, 5 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• Feminist organizations, such as the NGO Flora Tristán... prior and informed consent. — This is supported by Vasquez Del Aguila, but in my copy, it's on page 105. Is it different in yours? Spookyaki (talk) 06:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC) Y

  Done. JD John M. Turner (talk) 22:21, 9 January 2025 (UTC)

• Reports by NGOs also revealed that health professionals were incentivized with bonuses ranging from $4 to $30 for each woman they "persuaded" and sterilized, and promotions were given based on meeting sterilization quotas. Professionals who did not meet these targets could lose their career advancement. — A few problems here. Firstly, it's not just reports by "NGOs," it's the same NGO: Flora Tristán. Including this claim in its own section is misleading. Secondly, the source says that the bonuses ranged from "U.S.$4 to $10," not $4 to $30. The currency should also be specified. Finally, the page here is also different in my copy. In mine, this information is also on page 105, not 109. Spookyaki (talk) 06:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC) Y
• The links on fn 49 don't seem to be working for me. Could you fix them and provide me the relevant passage(s) from this excerpt?: Publicly, the Fujimori administration and Fujimorists denied the existence of a forced sterilization program... Spookyaki (talk) 06:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  Molina Serra, 2017, p. 39: "Fujimoristas defend themselves by denying the existence of a massive population control policy." [translated from Spanish]. JD John M. Turner (talk) 15:07, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  Great! Please fix or remove the PDF link as well. Spookyaki (talk) 18:10, 6 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• While the Toledo administration condemned the practice of forced sterilizations, it also faced criticism for other reproductive rights violations... — While this is discussed in Vasquez Del Aguila, it is on page 107 for me, not 109. Spookyaki (talk) 06:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC)
• The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, which defines the legal parameters of international crimes, classifies forced sterilization as a crime against humanity. — While this is true under article 7(G) of the Rome Statute, I don't see any support for this claim in the DW article. Am I missing something? Spookyaki (talk) 06:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

  It appears there was a translation error. The original German version clearly states that forced sterilization is defined as a crime against humanity according to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The German version does not mention that the International Criminal Court has adjudicated it as such because, to my knowledge, this body can only judge crimes that have occurred after its establishment in 2002. JD John M. Turner (talk) 15:13, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

  In that case, please cite the German version. I believe you should also cite:

  Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (PDF). International Criminal Court. 2021. Art 7(G).

{{cite act |title=Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court |date=2021 |institution=International Criminal Court |at=Art 7(G) |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/2024-05/Rome-Statute-eng.pdf |access-date=}} Spookyaki (talk) 18:10, 6 January 2025 (UTC)

Done. JD John M. Turner (talk) 20:56, 6 January 2025 (UTC)

Done. JD John M. Turner (talk) 22:23, 9 January 2025 (UTC) Y

Okay, spot check done. Thanks again for your hard work! It does seem like (unless somehow we are using completely different versions of these sources) there are some pretty major issues, particularly in the latter half of the article. How long do you think it will take you to address them? Spookyaki (talk) 06:30, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

Thank you very much for your reviews. I will correct these errors immediately. JD John M. Turner (talk) 15:56, 3 January 2025 (UTC)

Okay, before you continue, I meant to reply to my comments with the relevant passages, not to put them in the article. Spookyaki (talk) 23:57, 4 January 2025 (UTC)

Understood. I will respond to your comments with the relevant passages. JD John M. Turner (talk) 00:15, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

Also please leave a comment walking me through some of these additions you're making. Spookyaki (talk) 00:15, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

I have found images that could be added to the article at this link. The issue is that the newspaper does not specify the license under which these images are published. However, judging by their content, it is unlikely that they are under a commercial license. JD John M. Turner (talk) 20:02, 5 January 2025 (UTC)

If you're not sure about the licenses, I would recommend asking at the Commons:Village pump at Wikimedia Commons. Spookyaki (talk) 17:55, 6 January 2025 (UTC)

Third readthrough, new issues

• ...a Nikkei Peruvian... — Is this relevant to the article? If so, please elaborate. Spookyaki (talk) 17:49, 6 January 2025 (UTC)

  Not relevant to the article. I will remove it JD John M. Turner (talk) 20:48, 6 January 2025 (UTC) Y

• ...and healthcare workers sometimes offered food incentives—such as bags of rice—to persuade women to undergo the procedure. — Claim must be cited. Spookyaki (talk) 17:49, 6 January 2025 (UTC) Y

Hey there @JD John M. Turnerhal! It's been about a week and the article still needs quite a bit of work before I can pass it. Do you think you can have it done by tomorrow? If not, I can close this review and you can renominate once these sourcing issues have been addressed. Spookyaki (talk) 19:04, 9 January 2025 (UTC)

Could you please specify the remaining problems that need to be addressed? Thank you very much. JD John M. Turner (talk) 20:52, 9 January 2025 (UTC)

Sure, I'll mark them above. Spookyaki (talk) 21:09, 9 January 2025 (UTC)

They have been marked. Spookyaki (talk) 21:40, 9 January 2025 (UTC)

I trust that I have resolved all the citation issues. JD John M. Turner (talk) 22:33, 9 January 2025 (UTC)

Almost there. Most of the citation issues have been resolved. Just a few more things to go! Spookyaki (talk) 22:45, 9 January 2025 (UTC)

Alright, looks good. Am going to go ahead and pass it now. Thank you so much for your patience and hard work. This is an excellent article, and I'm glad that we were able to get it to GA! Spookyaki (talk) 00:32, 10 January 2025 (UTC)

Thank you so much for your kind words and support throughout the process JD John M. Turner (talk) 02:14, 10 January 2025 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.