Jump to content

User:Epicgenius/sandbox/draft4

Coordinates: 34°06′00″N 118°17′40″W / 34.10000°N 118.29444°W / 34.10000; -118.29444
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hollyhock House
The Hollyhock House
Location4800 Hollywood Boulevard, Los Angeles, California, United States
Coordinates34°06′00″N 118°17′40″W / 34.10000°N 118.29444°W / 34.10000; -118.29444
Built1921
ArchitectFrank Lloyd Wright
Architectural style(s)Mayan Revival architecture
Governing bodyLocal
CriteriaCultural: (ii)
Designated2019 (43rd session)
Part ofThe 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright
Reference no.1496-004
RegionEurope and North America
Official nameAline Barnsdall Complex
DesignatedMay 6, 1971[1]
Reference no.71000143
Official nameAline Barnsdall Complex
DesignatedApril 4, 2007[2]
DesignatedApril 1, 1963[3]
Reference no.12
Epicgenius/sandbox/draft4 is located in the Los Angeles metropolitan area
Epicgenius/sandbox/draft4
Location of Hollyhock House in the Los Angeles metropolitan area
Epicgenius/sandbox/draft4 is located in California
Epicgenius/sandbox/draft4
Epicgenius/sandbox/draft4 (California)
Epicgenius/sandbox/draft4 is located in the United States
Epicgenius/sandbox/draft4
Epicgenius/sandbox/draft4 (the United States)

The Aline Barnsdall Hollyhock House is a residence in the East Hollywood neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, United States. Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright for the oil heiress Aline Barnsdall, it was built between 1919 and 1921. The house is now the centerpiece of the city's Barnsdall Art Park. It is noted for developing an influential architectural aesthetic, which combined indoor and outdoor living spaces.[4] In July 2019, it was added as a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with seven other buildings designed by Wright.[5] The building is also a National Historic Landmark.[2]

Site

[edit]

Hollyhock House is located on the northern slope of Olive Hill, a knoll within Barnsdall Art Park in the East Hollywood neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, United States.[6] The house is at 4800 Hollywood Boulevard,[7] between Vermont Avenue to the east and Edgemont Street to the west.[8][9] The hill rises 490 feet (150 m) above sea level and 100 feet (30 m) above the streets.[10] The designs of several other buildings in the park, including a gallery, theater, and junior arts center, are inspired by that of Hollyhock House.[11] Other structures, including apartments, stores, and a hospital, have been built around the house on three sides.[12] The Vermont/Sunset station, served by Los Angeles Metro Rail's B Line, is southeast of the house.[13]

Hollyhock House and Barnsdall Art Park were part of the estate of the heiress Aline Barnsdall,[14] which measured 1,231 feet (375 m) wide from north to south and 1,255 feet (383 m) wide from west to east.[9] The site was part of Rancho Los Feliz, a Spanish-era land grant given to José Vicente Feliz in 1802; the house's site was then acquired by James Lick in 1873 and subsequently subdivided.[15] Before Barnsdall had acquired Olive Hill in 1919, there were low-rise stores and bungalows to the north.[16] The hill itself was undeveloped and had contained olive trees since the 1980s.[16][10] Despite being close to streetcar routes, Olive Hill was not appealing to developers because it was not near either Downtown Los Angeles or central Hollywood.[16] The hill had hosted Easter services for years before Barnsdall's acquisition of the site.[10][16] At the time of Barnsdall's purchase, the olive trees were planted 18 to 20 feet (5.5 to 6.1 m) apart on a grid, and the hill was accessed by two roads from the southeast and northeast.[9]

Development

[edit]

Hollyhock House's developer, Aline Barnsdall, was an oil heiress from Pennsylvania[17][18] who had wanted to develop an arts and live-theater complex.[19][20] In the early 1910s, Barnsdall traveled to Chicago to become a theatrical producer.[18][21] She first met Wright in Chicago no later than early 1915, when she hired him to design a building for the Chicago Little Theatre.[22][21] After vacationing in California, she decided to erect the theatrical building there instead,[22][23] writing in early 1916 that she was searching for a site.[24][25] Barnsdall originally wanted to build the theater in San Francisco,[23] but she had changed her plans once more by early 1918, when she decided to construct a theatrical complex in Southern California. Barnsdall decided to hire Wright, with whom she had been in sporadic contact.[26] In 1917, Barnsdall's father died and left her a large bequest, and Barnsdall also began planning a house for herself and her newborn daughter.[26][27]

Initial plans

[edit]

Wright began drawing up conceptual plans for the house and theater in 1916,[15][28] working on them at his Wisconsin studio, Taliesin.[29][28] By early 1918, his plans called for a cube-shaped building with a circular auditorium containing 1,500 seats on two levels.[25] This plan, a modification of his original plan for the Chicago Little Theatre, was similar to one designed by Norman Bel Geddes, who had been Barnsdall's stage designer.[30] The house was to be designed in the Prairie style, with rooms surrounding an interior courtyard.[28] By late 1918, Wright was preparing to go to Japan, where he was designing Tokyo's Imperial Hotel. At that time, Barnsdall was looking at potential sites in Los Angeles for her house and theater.[31] Barnsdall had identified a potential site, the 36-acre (15 ha) Olive Hill tract, by mid-1919.[10][32] However, the Olive Hill site may have been discussed even before that point,[10] and Wright later told his son Lloyd that it was he who suggested that Barnsdall acquire Olive Hill.[33] In any case, Wright's office still did not have the preliminary sketches for Barnsdall's house,[32] and Wright's assistant Rudolph Schindler asked Barnsdall for the sketches.[10]

In June 1919,[10][27] Barnsdall paid Mary Spires $300,000 for Olive Hill,[34] which had been on sale for several years.[16] The site was bounded by Hollywood Boulevard to the north, Edgemont Street to the west, Sunset Boulevard to the south, and Vermont Avenue to the east.[10][34][35] News media reported that Wright had been hired to design a 1,200-seat theater for more than $200,000, which would face east toward Vermont Avenue.[36][37] The theater, which Wright characterized as being inspired by a "classic Greek theater", would have been designed with Greek-style motifs.[38] Barnsdall donated part of the site, at Sunset Boulevard and Vermont Avenue, to the Community Theatre of Hollywood.[39] She also planned a 17-room house, which was variously described as a Spanish-style structure[35] and a "modernized Aztec" style.[16][37] Barnsdall also told local media that she wanted to build houses, cottages, and apartment blocks on the site.[40] Barnsdall was supposed to have gone to Japan to discuss the theater with Wright that August,[33][41] but it is unknown whether Barnsdall actually made the trip.[33] Instead, she asked the firm of Walker & Eisen to draw up alternate plans for the residence.[35][33] Walker & Eisen proposed a five-bedroom Spanish Colonial structure costing $300,000, but Barnsdall decided not to accept these plans.[33]

Wright returned to the U.S. that September to work on Barnsdall's theater and house.[33][42] The architectural model for the theater was damaged while being shipped from Japan to the U.S., which delayed the design process.[43] Further delays occurred because both Wright and Barnsdall were separately traveling across the U.S. during late 1919.[44] Wright's drawings called for a residence on the hilltop, surrounded by various smaller structures at the bottom of the hill.[45] There would have been a theater along Vermont Avenue, an apartment complex called the Actors' Abode, and a house for her theatrical company's director.[27][46] These four buildings would cost $375,000, not much more than the estimate Walker & Eisen had given Barnsdall just for her house.[43] Wright's drawings called for the four buildings to be arranged in a pinwheel layout around the main house.[46] There would have been an artificial stream flowing between and through the buildings,[47] similarly to Wright's later design for Fallingwater in Pennsylvania.[48][49]

Construction and modified plans

[edit]
Map of the site

Wright was not able to personally supervise much of the construction, since he was simultaneously designing the Imperial Hotel.[50][51] He returned to Japan in December 1919,[15][52] leaving Rudolph Schindler[51][53] and to his son Lloyd Wright in charge of the project.[54] Although Wright offered to discuss the plans with Barnsdall in Portland, Oregon, the heiress declined the offer.[52] Lloyd selected S. G. H. Robinson as the house's general contractor;[52] Robinson estimated that the house would cost $50,000.[55] Barnsdall was anxious to have the house completed, writing to Wright in January 1920 to request that he finish the plans for the interiors.[56] Barnsdall also suggested changes to the design, and she outlined some of her requirements for the house, including the layout, the materials, and the hollyhock motif.[57] Wright later wrote that Barnsdall had come up with the house's name, Hollyhock, during his absence.[57][58] Meanwhile, his son began soliciting bids from various contractors.[57] The plans were further revised from January to March 1920.[10][57] The revised plans called for a masonry building with hollyhock motifs and geometric Prairie-style decorations.[57] Schindler drew up plans for Residence A around the same time.[59]

Construction started on April 28, 1920,[55] and Schindler began drawing up plans for the Actors Abode shortly thereafter.[55] When Wright visited the site that July, he found that work on the foundation had barely started. The same month, he sent Schindler from Taliesin to Los Angeles to oversee the house's construction.[55] By that August, Barnsdall wanted to modify her plans for the site, since the plans for the theater had not been fully drawn out.[60] Accordingly, Barnsdall directed Wright to revise plans for the estate.[38][61] The modified plans called for an apartment house, a complex of artists' studios and shops, additional residences, and a cinema.[38][60] The Actors' Abode was relocated and converted into an apartment building. The cinema and stores would be located along Hollywood Boulevard, and six standalone homes labeled A through F would be placed on the slopes of Olive Hill. In addition, some landscape features were modified.[62] Although the director's house and Actor's Abode were redesigned, there is scant documentation on the revisions that were made.[62]

As part of the revised plans, the residence was to be built first, with the other structures postponed to a later phase of construction.[61][63] At that point, the main house was scheduled to be completed in December 1920, followed by the Actors' Abode, shops, and studios in May 1921 and the other buildings in October 1922.[64] However, work on Residence A was delayed by October 1920, in part because drawings for that building had not been finished.[65]

Wright and Barnsdall argued over many aspects of the project, including the budget and design details.[66][50] For example, Barnsdall once accused Wright of selling her a Japanese screen for several times more than it was worth, and Wright sent Los Angeles County sheriffs to repossess the screens.[67] The elder Wright was fired from the project in 1921[68] due to cost overruns.[54][69] By that July, the work was nearly completed.[70]

Usage

[edit]

Barnsdall ownership

[edit]

The Condé Nast Traveler wrote that the house cost $150,000,[66] while a contemporary Los Angeles Evening Citizen News article placed the cost at $125,000.[70] Another estimate placed the final cost of the house at $200,000 and the land at $300,000.[67] Residence A was finished in 1921.[71] Two of Barnsdall's friends, the art collectors Louise Arensberg and Walter Conrad, moved into Residence A during 1923,[59] though it is unknown if anyone stayed there afterward.[72] In its early years, the house often leaked and flooded during rainstorms. Virginia Kazor, who later served as the house's curator, said that the carpet in the living room had to be replaced multiple times.[67] Barnsdall complained about the weight of the doors, saying, "I need three men and two boys to help me get in and out of my own house!"[18][73]

In December 1923, Barnsdall offered to donate Hollyhock House to the city government for use by the Los Angeles Public Library and the Department of Recreation and Parks.[74][75] By then, Barnsdall no longer had any interest in developing a theater,[76] and she did not want to sell the building to a commercial buyer, such as a hotel operator or a jazz-parlor operator.[77] The city government accepted the gift[75] and subsequently appointed a committee of five men to take over the home.[78]

Los Angeles government takeover

[edit]

Disillusioned by the costs of construction and maintenance, Barnsdall donated the house to the city of Los Angeles in 1927.[69][79] She stipulated that a fifteen-year lease be given to the California Art Club for its headquarters. The club was there until 1942 when the house was almost demolished.[80]

In 1946, Lloyd Wright designed a renovation of Hollyhock House.[81][82] Lloyd's modifications included the addition of a galley kitchen,[82][83] which replaced the original kitchen.[84] At that time, the building was converted into a clubhouse for the United Service Organizations (USO).[83] A master plan for Barnsdall Art Park was drawn up in 1957, which would have included an art gallery next to the house.[85] The senior Wright was hired as a consultant for the Barnsdall Art Park plan.[86]

By 1967, inspectors had discovered extensive damage to the wood in several rooms. As a result, the Department of Recreation and Parks began rebuilding the floors that year.[85]

Reopening as historic house museum

[edit]

In the mid-1970s, the city sponsored a series of restorations. Under Kenneth Ross, the City of Los Angeles Department of Cultural Affairs' first director, the Hollyhock House became a house museum in 1976.[87] In conjunction with the house's conversion, the city added a live theater and an art gallery within Barnsdall Park.[83] Martin Eli Weil was hired to restore the house to its original colors; he recalled that he had trouble determining the original paint colors until he looked at paint flakes that had fallen into the living room lightbulbs.[88]

The structure was damaged in the 1994 Northridge earthquake.[89] As a result, the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Los Angeles city government provided funds for the building's restoration.[89][90] The city government hired the landscape architect Peter Walker and local preservationist Brenda Levin to design a master plan for the park and house.[90]

21st century

[edit]

2000s renovation

[edit]

On April 10, 2000, the building was again closed to the public for a renovation and seismic retrofit.[89][91] The project was originally planned to take three years and cost $10 million; it was part of a larger restoration of Barnsdall Park.[89] At the time, the building had water damage on its floors, peeling plaster on its ceilings, and cracks on its walls.[91] In addition, the second floor was severely damaged.[89] The Recreation and Parks Commission awarded a $9.9 million contract for the building's restoration in 2001, which involved seismic upgrades.[92] The project also involved landscaping the park and stabilizing the land under the house.[90][93] Melvyn Green was hired as the house's structural engineer.[83] Although the roofs of Hollyhock House and Residence A had been fixed by February 2003, city officials had not deemed the building safe for occupancy.[94] By then, the estimated cost had increased to $17.1 million, and no funding had yet been allocated to architectural restoration. The high costs were in part because the city government had wanted detailed plans of the restoration, citing the fact that the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[12]

Although workers had attempted to fix the leaky roofs, water damage persisted.[93] A second phase of renovations began in December 2003. The project included renovating the interior, removing mold and termite infestations, replacing corroded pipes and rotting woodwork, and fixing leaks.[95] In addition, a replica of the house's original carpet and one of the original reading tables was acquired.[83][93] The house was made partially wheelchair-accessible, but full wheelchair access was deemed infeasible for historical-preservation reasons.[93][96] Following delays, Hollyhock House reopened in June 2005,[95][97] hosting tours four times a day.[98] City officials planned to spend another $2.5 million each on seismic upgrades to Hollyhock House and Residence A.[93] Later the same year, the California Art Club returned to the house for the first time in more than six decades, repainting the building.[99] Workers installed I-beams to reinforce the upper sections of the house.[100]

2010s to present

[edit]
Lighted round-fountain pool and long lines at the reopening, 2015

In 2011, the city government announced that it would spend $4.3 million renovating the house further.[101][102] Jeffrey Herr, the house's curator, planned to restore the windows, porch floor, and fountains; strengthen the living room fireplace; and renovate a chauffeur's house and garage on the site.[101] The project began in 2013 and included repairs to the portico roof, the restoration of original architectural details, and the construction of a visitor center and an archive.[103] Workers replaced the roof, interiors, and structural systems.[104] Following the extensive renovations, officials announced in early 2015 that the house would once again open for tours.[105][82][106] The building reopened on February 13, 2015, with a 24-hour-long open house.[107][108]

The second story was closed because it was not wheelchair-accessible.[96] As such, in 2017, the Los Angeles City Council provided funding for the creation of a virtual reality tour program,[69][109] which was completed the next year.[110] Also in 2017, the Los Angeles city government began renovating Residence A as part of a $5 million project.[111] The work involved exterior restoration, seismic retrofits, and mechanical upgrades.[111][112] By the late 2010s, the house had about 30,000 annual visitors.[113]

Phase 1 of Residence A's renovation was completed in December 2021.[71][111] Afterwork, work began on a second phase of Residence A's restoration, which involved refurbishing the interior and landscape.[111][112] The main house was also renovated; workers restored the balcony doors, the fireplace, and two sofas in the main house's living room.[114][115] The art glass, cast stone, and woodwork in the main house were renovated.[116] Following these renovations, the house reopened in August 2022.[115][117]

Architecture

[edit]

Hollyhock House was the first house in Los Angeles[11][118][83] and in Southern California designed by Frank Lloyd Wright.[119] It is also one of seven houses that Wright designed in Los Angeles[120] and the only one that is regularly open to the public.[121] Rudolph Schindler and Richard Neutra were also involved in the house's design.[118][122] The house was designed in a style that Wright characterized as "California Romanza",[85][90] borrowing from a musical term translating to "freedom to make one's own form."[123] The style has also been described as having Asian, Aztec, Egyptian, and Maya architectural influences.[124][125][126] Dezeen cites the building as one of the first Mayan Revival structures,[119] while the Los Angeles Times describes the building as having also had Inca, Native American, and Spanish Colonial architectural features.[126] Frommer's writes that Hollyhock House's design may have inspired that of early ranch-style houses.[127]

The house is arranged around a central courtyard and a complex system of split levels, steps, and roof terraces.[128][129] Excluding the exterior terraces at ground level, Hollyhock House measures approximately 121 by 99 square feet (11.2 by 9.2 m2) across.[130] It is named after the hollyhock (Aline Barnsdall's favorite flower), which is used as a central theme to the house.[130][80] The motif is used both outside and inside.[89] During Hollyhock House's construction, Barnsdall had wanted a house that was "as much outside as inside".[131] As such, the house's interior spaces had design elements typically reserved for exteriors, which included porches, pergolas, and outdoor sleeping spaces.[115] Although the house is placed atop a hill overlooking the Pacific Ocean, the design did not take advantage of the topography; instead, it largely faced inward.[132][133]

Exterior

[edit]
Detail with abstracted hollyhock blossom reliefs

The walls are made of hollow clay tiles and wood frames.[130][134] At the bottom of the facade is a water table, which is made of cast concrete, while the remainders of the exterior walls are clad in stucco. Concrete belt courses, as well as concrete friezes with hollyhock patterns, cross the facade horizontally about 6.5 to 8.0 feet (2.0 to 2.4 m) above the water table.[130] The hollyhock motifs of the friezes protrude slightly above the top of the facade.[135] Above the friezes, the walls slope inward at a 10-degree angle, similarly to the design of Pre-Columbian temples.[130] The sloping upper walls were similar to the design of the Palenque Palace in Mexico, while the decorations were inspired by Maya architecture.[136] The exterior also has "dancing triangles", which may have been inspired by crystallographic patterns.[137]

The house's windows and doors are placed within concrete-framed openings. In general, the windows are casement windows with oak frames, and there are French doors extending to the height of the concrete frieze.[138] There are also leaded-glass windows throughout the house,[83] in addition to planters close to the ground.[93][130] The house originally contained about 130 art glass windows designed by Wright.[139] The windows have green and violet art-glass panes, interspersed with white and clear glass pane.[67][140]

Terraces and courtyards

[edit]

Terraces extend off the house on all sides, surrounded by stucco-clad parapets measuring 2.5 to 10.0 feet (0.76 to 3.05 m) high.[130] On the northern side of the house is a loggia raised five steps above ground and measuring 68 feet (21 m) long.[130] The loggia is asymmetrical, being located near the northwestern corner of the house, on the west side of the house's motor court.[141][142] It leads to an entrance vestibule measuring 3 by 8 feet (0.91 by 2.44 m) across; the vestibule has cast-concrete floors, walls, and ceilings, along with a glass-and-wood ceiling lamp with a hollyhock.[130] The main entrance has a concrete door weighing 300 pounds (140 kg).[142] A pergola on the east side of the motor court led down to a garage and stable.[129]

The eastern side of the house is three steps above ground and consists of a circular pool,[138][132] which is designed in a similar fashion to an amphitheater.[133] The center of the pool is decorated with a replica of an ancient Roman bronze sculpture.[136] Next to the pool is a protruding bay with leaded glass windows.[138] Along the house's southern elevation are three terraces located slightly above ground, in addition to a large balcony just outside the master bedroom on the second story. West of the house is a 4-by-12-foot (1.2 by 3.7 m) living-room balcony, with slightly raised terraces on either side.[130] There is also a square reflecting pool to the west, complementing the circular pool on the east.[130][132]

The house's northern wing as seen from the inner courtyard, looking west toward the staircase and living room

The inner courtyard, also known as the patio, was used as an outdoor room and (during Barnsdall's occupancy) included several pieces of furniture.[143] It is surrounded by either glazed doors or windows,[138][144] which were intended to draw attention to the courtyard from inside the house.[144] The southern wall of the inner courtyard has a wooden pergola with glass windows, while the northern wall has a colonnade with hollyhock motifs. On the western end of the courtyard, sliding glass-and-wood doors lead to the living spaces, and a concrete staircase with hollyhock decorations leads to the roof.[138] The staircase is flanked by finials.[145] At the eastern end, a footbridge carries the second story over the courtyard.[132][138] The footbridge creates a covered outdoor area measuring 16 by 26 feet (4.9 by 7.9 m) across; this connects the courtyard with the circular pool to the east.[138] As designed, the inner courtyard and the circular pool are separated by a flagstone walkway.[133]

Roofs

[edit]

The house has flat roofs,[93][130] which are placed at different levels, creating the impression of terraces.[128][129] A contemporary source from the house's construction described the roofs as a "mezzanine roof-garden".[129] As built, the roofs had protective wool membranes covered with tar and canvas, and they were supported by wooden studs placed every 16 feet (4.9 m). The outer perimeter of the roof has a parapet measuring 18 to 22 inches (460 to 560 mm) tall.[138] Water on the roof was drained by pipes inside the house;[138] the designs of the roofs, planters, and openings made the building vulnerable to flooding during heavy storms.[93] Before deciding on a flat roof, Wright had considered a hip roof and a tepee–shaped roof.[135]

Staircases connect the different roof levels.[138][135] The design of the roofs led one newspaper to characterize the building as having a "roof observatory", from which visitors could see the ocean and the nearby mountains.[135] Had the house been used for performances as intended, the roofs could have accommodated audiences who were viewing performances at the eastern pool.[132][133]

Interior

[edit]

When Barnsdall commissioned the house, she envisioned it not only as a home for her family, but also as a mansion befitting her status as the head of a theatrical company.[146] Hollyhock House is cited as spanning 6,000 square feet (560 m2),[130][83] with five bedrooms.[83] Sources disagree on whether the house has six[83] or seven bathrooms.[147] In addition, the building is cited as having either 17[147] or 18 rooms.[70] The house has a U-shaped floor plan,[138][146] a layout inspired by the designs of Wright's Prairie-style houses and several of his public buildings.[148] The rooms are arranged around a north–south axis, aligned with the entrance loggia, and a west–east axis, aligned with the house's pools.[138][141] The house's floor plan was a precursor to geometric floor plans in later modernist houses.[66]

The rooms are arranged into three groups: the public rooms (consisting of living, library and music rooms), the service rooms (consisting of the dining room and kitchen), and the bedrooms.[144] Each group of rooms is separated from the others by hallways and loggias.[144] In general, non–load-bearing interior walls are made of wood studs coated in plaster, while the wooden floor planks are fitted together in a tongue-and-groove pattern.[140] Barnsdall allowed Wright to furnish the house with Japanese-inspired decorations, such as Japanese screens and a Buddhist sculpture.[115] Wright designed furniture for the dining and living rooms,[149][150] though Barnsdall did not allow him to furnish the other rooms due to disagreements over style.[149]

Living room, music room, and study

[edit]
Interior of the living room, with the furniture removed

The entrance hall from the north leads to an interior loggia that connects with various rooms.[151][138] The interior loggia, also known as the porch, runs along the western side of the inner courtyard.[152][153] As built, there were glazed panels leading to the courtyard and double doors to the living room.[153] The loggia has a pair of planters,[152] and it displays a replica of an ancient Roman relief, Three Dancing Nymphs, which Barnsdall acquired in 1921.[150][154] The living room and music room are to the west of the interior loggia, on the right side of the entrance hall.[138]

The music room is separated from the entrance hall via a screen of wooden slats.[151] It had two built-in wooden cabinets on its northern wall and one on its eastern wall, which were removed in the late 1940s;[155] the other original furnishings are poorly documented.[156] The space may have contained a piano or a gramophone. In addition, there are cabinets, which date from Lloyd Wright's 1970s renovation.[155][156] There is a set of French doors on the western wall, which lead to a terrace north of the living room.[155] Originally, the floor of the music room and adjacent living room had a multicolored carpet made by W. & J. Sloane, with a hollyhock–inspired pattern.[157]

The living room is one step down from the adjacent rooms[155] and is rectangular.[158] The walls contain oak wainscoting, while the ceilings have recessed light bulbs covered by an oak fascia.[140] On the south wall is a large protruding fireplace with a mantelpiece made of cast stone and surrounded by a moat.[83][89][158] Wright had originally wanted to connect the moat, the house's western pool, and the eastern pool via an underground pipe, but the water feature did not work properly.[48][151] Above the fireplace is a bas-relief sculpture,[48][155] which is made of cast concrete.[48][151] There is a skylight on the ceiling above the living room's fireplace.[83][151][158] The room has oak furniture as well;[159] the backs of the armchairs are sloped at the same angle as the walls, and the tables have torcheres that illuminate the ceiling.[67] The walls are decorated with two Japanese screens,[89][159] which were originally painted in green and gold.[129] A French door leads west to the living-room balcony, and another door on the south wall leads to a terrace.[155] The ceiling of the living room slopes upward and has oak moldings;[155][151] the sloped sections of the ceiling are separated by bronze and light green bands.[129] The living room also includes three side chairs, an upholstered chair, and a table designed by Wright.[140]

There is an alcove to the south of the living room, which has French doors facing west toward another terrace south of the living room.[155] South of the alcove is a private study, which is not connected to the living room and can be accessed only through a short corridor leading off the home's hallway.[155][160] The study has three tables dating from 1946, as well as a replica collection of books and artwork.[160] The short corridor also leads to a conservatory with a south-facing terrace.[155][161] The conservatory, also known as the breakfast room, originally had cabinets and a table; it was intended as a tearoom for Barnsdall, her daughter, and their guests.[161] Both the study and the conservatory also connect with a terrace to the west.[155]

Dining room and kitchen

[edit]
Interior of the dining room, with the furniture removed

To the left (east) of the entrance hall is the dining/kitchen wing.[138][150] This wing is four steps above the entrance hall[142][138] and runs along the north side of the inner courtyard.[129][162] The dining room could seat six people.[67][140] It has furniture with hollyhock motifs, which are arranged in a pattern resembling vertebrae.[149][150] The chairs were made by Barker Bros.[149] and are similar to those in Wright's Prairie style homes, with flat backs and low seats.[115] The walls are wainscoted in hardwood planks.[140] On the eastern end of the dining room, a set of built-in sliding drawers flanks the doorway to the kitchen. Four French doors lead south into the courtyard, while four pairs of leaded-glass windows are placed on the north wall.[138] The ceiling above the dining table is low, although it slopes up toward the south wall.[138] There is a light fixture hanging from the center of the ceiling.[138][163]

The original kitchen's design has not been fully documented, but there is evidence that the original kitchen had a pantry and was decorated with pine and maple wood.[164] The design of the modern kitchen dates to a 1946 renovation by Lloyd Wright.[84][164] The current kitchen has a stove and mahogany counters, in addition to angular and horizontal motifs.[164] To the east of the kitchen are the servants' quarters—consisting of a living room, a bathroom, and two bedrooms—as well as a stair to the basement.[155][165] In an attempt to save money, the servants' quarters (later converted into staff offices) were furnished with pine and had painted walls. The basement had storage rooms and laundry rooms.[165]

[edit]

The bedroom wing is on the south side of the inner courtyard[155][162] and is the only part of the house that is more than one story high. [144] A pergola with glass windows runs next to the courtyard, separating the court to the north and the gallery to the south.[155][166] The pergola was built with a wood frame and glass windows, which were removed in 1946;[155][166] the doorway leading south to the gallery was also added during that renovation.[166] A wire glass roof and plastic ceiling were added to the pergola in 1974,[155] and a sculpture of the Buddhist goddess Guanyin is also placed in the pergola.[167] The gallery to the south was created in 1927 when the California Art Club merged two adjacent guest bedrooms.[155][168] This gallery has hardwood flooring, Plexiglas panels, and fluorescent ceiling lamps.[155] The original bedrooms were separated by a short hallway that connected with a terrace to the south.[168]

On the first floor was a set of rooms for Barnsdall's daughter Betty, which included a bedroom, bathroom, playroom, and caregiver's room.[155][169] The bedroom had a separate dressing area, which had vertically oriented art-glass windows.[169] The bedroom also had a fireplace with cast concrete decorations;[155] Wright had proposed adding a decorative panel above the fireplace, with motifs of the moon and balloons, the panel was never completed.[169] The playroom had art-glass casement windows.[155] Betty's caregiver had a separate bedroom that was connected to the main hallway and to a bathroom.[169] In addition, there was an enclosed sun porch with art-glass windows.[170] Betty's bedroom was also used as a women's lounge after the Olive Hill Foundation took over in 1946.[171]

Barnsdall's master bedroom was on the second floor, above her daughter's bedroom.[144] The second story includes a passageway,[136][140] which is illuminated by three clerestory windows and has a door to the roof terraces.[140] The passageway crosses over the eastern end of the inner courtyard, connecting the master bedroom to the south with a guest bedroom to the north.[129][155] Within the eastern part of the master bedroom, two steps descend to a sleeping porch;[172][173] the original plans for the sleeping porch included a built-in bed, which was never added.[173] On the southern wall are art-glass French doors, which connect to a balcony above Betty's playroom, while on the west wall are a fireplace and a stair to the second-story roof.[172] Barnsdall never used the master bedroom,[67] which Schindler redesigned several years after Barnsdall moved in.[155][171] Schindler added a wooden screen and a window to the west wall, although Lloyd Wright removed these decorations in 1947.[155] When the Olive Hill Foundation occupied the house, the master bedroom became a men's lounge.[171] A stairway leads from the guest bedrooms to the roof terraces.[129]

Associated structures

[edit]
For descriptions of the modern art venues in Barnsdall Art Park, see Barnsdall Art Park.

Barnsdall had proposed a series of structures surrounding Hollyhock House, within what is now Barnsdall Art Park.[14] Ultimately only two guest houses were built alongside it, of which only one, Residence A, still exists.[14][120] The other house, known as Residence B, was demolished in 1948.[120] Residence A is located northeast of the main house, while a garage and chauffeur's residence are located north of the main house. To the southeast is Schindler Terrace and the Spring House.[174] Among the unbuilt structures on the estate were an actors' dormitory, a director's house, workshops, art studios, and two theaters.[175] Barnsdall also commissioned a private kindergarten which was never built.[68]

Residence A

[edit]
Residence A as seen to the northwest, from the house's driveway

Residence A, designed by Rudolph Schindler, is similar in design to Wright's earlier Prairie-style houses.[176] It is slightly south of the intersection of New Hampshire Street and Hollywood Boulevard.[62] Residence A measures 67 by 45 feet (20 by 14 m) across and is arranged in a T shape, with the stem of the T facing northward.[177] The building is two stories tall, except on its north side, where a penthouse occupies a third story.[178] The northern facade has a rectangular massing, similar to Wright's Unity Temple and Bogk House, while the southern and eastern facades have low roofs at several different levels, similar to his Frank Thomas House and Robie House. The thick-looking concrete walls resemble those in Maya temples.[176] Similar to the main house, Residence A has wood-frame and hollow clay tile walls, which are clad in stucco and include concrete decorations.[178] The roof has cantilevered eaves, and the house's eastern, northern, and western elevations have parapets above their roofs.[177]

The northern elevation of Residence A's facade has five cast-concrete window openings, which lead to a wooden balcony. The western elevation has wood-framed windows and a set of double doors leading from a concrete courtyard. There is also a wood staircase, in addition to several casement windows and clerestory windows on the western elevation's second story.[178] Two wood-frame annexes abut the western elevation. The southern elevation has a cast-concrete band.[177]

Within the building, the northern end of the T-shaped floor plan is a double-height space. Residence A's main entrance leads to a foyer with a concrete floor and a 7-foot-high (2.1 m) ceiling. To the east of the entry hall, two steps descend to an office. There is also a service room and a workroom (originally bedroom) to the south or right, as well as a living room with a double-height ceiling to the north or left. A staircase ascends to the second floor, where there is a dining room, kitchen, storage room, and another room (originally two bedrooms).[179] In general, Residence A has wood-plank floors, except in the basement which is clad in plain concrete. The non–load-bearing walls are made of wood studs and coated in plaster, while the load-bearing walls are made of masonry and coated with plaster. The ceilings are also made of plaster, although there are ornamental cornices in the living room and entrance foyer.[179]

Garage and chauffeur's residence

[edit]

North of the main house is a separate building for the garage and chauffeur's residence,[101][180] which measures about 23 by 74 feet (7.0 by 22.6 m) across.[181] It has very few windows. The building is located on a slope, so the northern end is two stories below the southern end. The automobile court is at the southern elevation of the house, where there is parking space for three vehicles. There is also a porch measuring 17 by 20 feet (5.2 by 6.1 m) and raised two steps above the ground. The entrance to the chauffeur's residence is on the northern elevation, accessed by a stoop with four steps. Similarly to the main house, the facade has stucco cladding above a cast-concrete water table, although it differs from the main house in that there are few windows. The top of the facade doubles as a parapet for the flat roof, sloping inward above a concrete belt course and frieze.[181]

The building's interior has been drastically modified over the years.[181] After the city of Los Angeles took over the building, the garage served as a restroom for park visitors.[134][181] The restrooms were in operation from c. 1962–1963 to 1990 and occupy the garage's easternmost parking space and the chauffeur's quarters. The westernmost parking space has a half-bathroom, while the remainder of the garage has a kitchen, office, storeroom, and mechanical room.[181] There are 15 animal cages connecting the garage with the main house.[174][180] The cages are arranged in a straight line and have concrete water tables, concrete-slab floors, stucco walls, and flat roofs.[180] By the 2010s, the garage and chauffeur's house served as a visitor center.[174]

Other structures

[edit]

Unbuilt or demolished structures

[edit]

Residence B was located next to the motor court and was divided into three sections: living spaces, service rooms, and bedrooms. The living room had a balcony overlooking the Pacific Ocean to the west. The bedroom section had three bedrooms, a balcony for sleeping, two-and-a-half bathrooms, and two servants' rooms. The facade was sparsely decorated and had horizontal motifs.[182]

The plans originally called for 36 storefronts along Hollywood Boulevard,[183] within a building measuring around 700 feet (210 m) long.[183][184] The storefronts would have measured 16 by 70 feet (4.9 by 21.3 m) each.[184] Eighteen houses with hollow-tile walls would have been built above the storefronts.[183]

  • Residence B
  • Director's house
  • Store building

Management

[edit]

Two groups help maintain Hollyhock House.[93] The Barnsdall Art Park Foundation, a nonprofit organization, helps manage Barnsdall Art Park and the activities there,[185] including the house.[66] The Friends of Hollyhock House is a private group that helps raise money for the house itself.[101]

Tours are given by a group of volunteer docents.[186] On February 15, 2014, self-guided "Walk Wright In" tours commenced, running Thursdays through Sundays.[187] Tours were paused due to the COVID-19 pandemic but resumed on August 18, 2022.[117]

In February 2023, the house hosted its first-ever contemporary art show, a site-specific artwork by Louise Bonnet and Adam Silverman.[188][189]

Impact

[edit]

Critical reception

[edit]

When the house was under construction, the Evening Citizen News wrote that the building was "a home, not just a house" and that the hollyhock motif was pleasing and ubiquitous.[129] The Evening Post-Record, in 1923, described Hollyhock House and surrounding buildings as "a vista of white buildings nestling like some old villa of Tuscany in the curves of the hill".[76] The same year, the Evening Express described the site as being unsurpassed in beauty,[77] and Los Angeles Times characterized the house as one of Los Angeles's finest residences and that East Hollywood "can consider itself unusually fortunate".[190]

In 1959, the American Institute of Architects (AIA) deemed Hollyhock House, along with 15 other buildings that Wright had designed, as "invaluable contributions to American culture".[191] When the house reopened in 2005, the Daily Breeze of Hermosa Beach, California, wrote that the building was "rich, complex, intriguing and at times even awe-inspiring."[83] By contrast, a reporter for the Los Angeles Times wrote that the house had "one of Wright's least appealing domestic interiors" and that the surrounding grounds were as "depressing" as a convenience-store parking lot.[50]

The house was included in a list of all time "top ten" Los Angeles houses in a Los Angeles Times survey of experts in December 2008.[192] Architectural Record wrote in 2024 that Hollyhock House "stands in an arena of its own",[124] while a writer for the Conde Nast Traveler wrote that "modernism actually arrived" in Los Angeles when Hollyhock House was finished.[66]

Landmark designations

[edit]

Hollyhock House is a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument,[112] having been listed as such on January 4, 1963.[27] Residence A was also designated as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument on February 26, 1965.[193] The entire estate was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971,[27] and the U.S. Department of the Interior designated Hollyhock House and Residence A as part of a National Historic Landmark called Aline Barnsdall Complex on April 4, 2007.[194] It was one of three Wright buildings designated as National Historic Landmarks on the same date,[195][194] as well as the seventh site in the city of Los Angeles to receive that designation.[196]

The United States Department of the Interior nominated Hollyhock House to the World Heritage List in 2015, alongside nine other buildings.[197][198] UNESCO added eight properties, including Hollyhock House, to the World Heritage List in July 2019 under the title "The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright".[199][200] A plaque memorializing the World Heritage designation was installed in February 2020.[80][201]

Architectural influence and media

[edit]

The New York Times wrote in 2005 that the Hollyhock House "represented a turning point in Southern California architecture", since it had helped start the careers of Rudolph Schindler, Richard Neutra, and Frank's son Lloyd.[90] Following Hollyhock House's construction, Schindler decided to stay in California, eventually opening an architectural firm of his own.[202] The house's design inspired other architects as well; for instance, Harwell Hamilton Harris reportedly decided to become an architect after seeing Hollyhock House.[203]

The house and grounds were used as the temple of the Piranha Women in the 1989 film Cannibal Women in the Avocado Jungle of Death.

[edit]
  • Tunnel-like entrance with hollyhock carvings
    Tunnel-like entrance with hollyhock carvings
  • Hollyhock House living room, with fireplace and skylight (toward the southeast, 1965) The fireplace hood features a geometric sculptured relief by Wright.
    Hollyhock House living room, with fireplace and skylight (toward the southeast, 1965) The fireplace hood features a geometric sculptured relief by Wright.
  • View over the round pool, with the central courtyard and living room beyond (2005)
    View over the round pool, with the central courtyard and living room beyond (2005)
  • View over the round pool, with the central courtyard and living room beyond (1921)
    View over the round pool, with the central courtyard and living room beyond (1921)
  • Round pool after restoration (2015)
    Round pool after restoration (2015)
  • Part of central courtyard and overhanging with stairway leading to roof terrace, 1921
    Part of central courtyard and overhanging with stairway leading to roof terrace, 1921
  • Hollyhock House from downhill with children playing in pool, 1921
    Hollyhock House from downhill with children playing in pool, 1921
  • Hollyhock House from downhill, 1921
    Hollyhock House from downhill, 1921
  • Hollyhock House with broad flat lawn, ornamental square pool, showing parts of the wings layout, 1921
    Hollyhock House with broad flat lawn, ornamental square pool, showing parts of the wings layout, 1921
  • Hollyhock House, and ornamental square pool, Los Angeles, 1921
    Hollyhock House, and ornamental square pool, Los Angeles, 1921
  • Wright's glass designs recall the hollyhock theme; note the glass corner
    Wright's glass designs recall the hollyhock theme; note the glass corner
  • Hollyhock carvings decorate this exterior planter
    Hollyhock carvings decorate this exterior planter

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
  2. ^ a b "Aline Barnsdall Complex". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on November 14, 2007. Retrieved October 9, 2007.
  3. ^ Department of City Planning. "Designated Historic-Cultural Monuments". City of Los Angeles. Archived from the original on June 9, 2010. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
  4. ^ "The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on August 9, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  5. ^ Kamin, Blair (July 7, 2019). "Column: Why the addition of Frank Lloyd Wright buildings to World Heritage List is a big deal". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on July 12, 2019. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  6. ^ "Barnsdall Art Park". The Cultural Landscape Foundation. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  7. ^ Fodor's Los Angeles: with Disneyland & Orange County. Full-color Travel Guide. Fodor's Travel. 2014. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-8041-4249-6. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  8. ^ "Barnsdall Art Park". City of Los Angeles Department of Recreation and Parks. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  9. ^ a b c Smith 1992, p. 56.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i Levine 1997, p. 129.
  11. ^ a b Rivera, Carla (May 30, 2000). "Popular Barnsdall Art Park Prepares to Close for Up to Year for Upgrade". The Los Angeles Times. pp. B11, B16. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  12. ^ a b Boehm, Mike (June 1, 2003). "Some unfinished business". Los Angeles Times. p. E40. ProQuest 421840305. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  13. ^ Madsen, David (2012). L.A. Adventures: Eclectic Day Trips by Metro Rail Through Los Angeles and Beyond. L.A. Electric Travel Books. p. 284. ISBN 978-0-9850885-3-8. Retrieved January 11, 2025.
  14. ^ a b c Rauzi, Robin (February 24, 2000). "Itinerary: Barnsdall Art Park". The Los Angeles Times. p. 131. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  15. ^ a b c LSA Associates 2009, p. 11.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Smith 1992, p. 49.
  17. ^ Smith 1992, p. 17.
  18. ^ a b c Meares, Hadley (October 24, 2014). "Barnsdall Art Park: Lofty Ambition Amongst the Olive Leaves". PBS SoCal. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  19. ^ Lockwood, Charles (December 2, 1984). "Searching Out Wright's Imprint in Los Angeles". The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  20. ^ Friedman, Alice T. (2006). Women and the Making of the Modern House. Yale University Press. p. 35. ISBN 0300117892.
  21. ^ a b Smith 1992, p. 15.
  22. ^ a b Levine 1997, p. 128.
  23. ^ a b Smith 1992, p. 20.
  24. ^ Levine 1997, pp. 128–129.
  25. ^ a b Smith 1992, p. 25.
  26. ^ a b Smith 1992, p. 23.
  27. ^ a b c d e LSA Associates 2009, p. 5.
  28. ^ a b c Smith 1992, p. 39.
  29. ^ Auer, James (December 29, 2002). "Wright's grand house at risk ; Taliesin: In Spring Green, Wis., a house that stands for the great American architect the way Monticello stands for Thomas Jefferson, says a Harvard professor, is crumbling". The Baltimore Sun. p. 8L. ISSN 1930-8965. ProQuest 406537968.
  30. ^ Smith 1992, pp. 22, 30.
  31. ^ Smith 1992, p. 34.
  32. ^ a b Smith 1992, p. 45.
  33. ^ a b c d e f Smith 1992, p. 50.
  34. ^ a b "Famous 'Olive Hill', 36-Acre Tract, Sold". Los Angeles Evening Citizen News. July 4, 1919. p. 1. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  35. ^ a b c "For Olive Hill". The Los Angeles Times. August 3, 1919. p. 6. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  36. ^ "Los Angeles to Have Little Theatre". The Peninsula Times Tribune. July 19, 1919. p. 1. Retrieved January 11, 2025; "New Owner of Olive Hill Announces Plan for Future". Los Angeles Evening Citizen News. July 11, 1919. p. 1. Retrieved January 11, 2025.
  37. ^ a b Lathrop, Monroe (July 5, 1919). "Olive Hill Playhouse Woman's Fine Project". Los Angeles Evening Express. p. 13. Retrieved January 11, 2025.
  38. ^ a b c Levine 1997, p. 131.
  39. ^ "Large, Large News and Very, Very, Very Good for Community Theatre". Los Angeles Evening Citizen News. August 8, 1919. p. 1. Retrieved January 11, 2025.
  40. ^ Smith 1992, pp. 49–50.
  41. ^ "The Legitimate: Impetus for Little Theater Movement". The Billboard. Vol. 31, no. 34. August 23, 1919. p. 32. ProQuest 1031584236; "Plans Playhouse in Olive Grove". Spokane Chronicle. Associated Press. August 8, 1919. p. 12. Retrieved January 11, 2025.
  42. ^ "Frank Lloyd Wright at Spring Green". Baraboo Weekly News. October 9, 1919. p. 5. Retrieved January 11, 2025.
  43. ^ a b Smith 1992, p. 51.
  44. ^ Smith 1992, pp. 51, 56.
  45. ^ Levine 1997, pp. 129, 131.
  46. ^ a b Smith 1992, p. 57.
  47. ^ Smith 1992, p. 58.
  48. ^ a b c d Brach 2022, p. 17.
  49. ^ Smith 1992, p. 71.
  50. ^ a b c Hawthorne, Christopher (July 3, 2005). "Hubris on the hill". Los Angeles Times. p. E29. ProQuest 422039603. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  51. ^ a b Kellogg, Stuart (November 2, 2001). "An Experiment in Living". Desert Dispatch. pp. 10, 11. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  52. ^ a b c Smith 1992, p. 80.
  53. ^ Weinraub, Bernard (February 26, 2001). "Breezy Modernist Gets His Due; Honor at Last for an Architect Who Made California His Muse". The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  54. ^ a b Amelar, Sarah (February 11, 2015). "The Hollyhock House Comes Into Its Own". The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  55. ^ a b c d Smith 1992, p. 84.
  56. ^ Smith 1992, p. 82.
  57. ^ a b c d e Smith 1992, p. 83.
  58. ^ Wright, Frank Lloyd (2005) [1943]. An Autobiography. New York: Horizon Press. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-764-93243-4.
  59. ^ a b Sorrell 2009, p. 11.
  60. ^ a b Smith 1992, p. 89.
  61. ^ a b LSA Associates 2009, p. 6.
  62. ^ a b c Smith 1992, p. 94.
  63. ^ Smith 1992, p. 89.
  64. ^ Smith 1992, p. 89.
  65. ^ Smith 1992, p. 100.
  66. ^ a b c d e Wogan, John (November 18, 2014). "The Making of Frank Lloyd Wright's Hollyhock House". Condé Nast Traveler. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  67. ^ a b c d e f g Young, Lucie (April 1, 2006). "Hollywood dreaming". The Independent. pp. 36, 37, 38. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  68. ^ a b Barragan, Bianca (July 8, 2019). "Frank Lloyd Wright's Hollyhock House now a UNESCO World Heritage site". Curbed LA. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
  69. ^ a b c Wick, Julia (April 6, 2017). "Frank Lloyd Wright's Iconic Hollyhock House Will Be Getting Its Own Virtual Reality Tour". LAist. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  70. ^ a b c "Will Spend Million Dollars on Olive Hill Improvement". Los Angeles Evening Citizen News. July 8, 1921. p. 7. Retrieved January 13, 2025.
  71. ^ a b Flay, Sophie (December 16, 2021). "Frank Lloyd Wright landmark in East Hollywood celebrates phase 1 restoration". ABC7 Los Angeles. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  72. ^ Sorrell 2009, p. 12.
  73. ^ Karasick, Norman M.; Karasick, Dorothy Kesler (January 1, 1993). The Oilman's Daughter. Encino, California: Action Amer Productions. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-881643-24-1.
  74. ^ "Miss Barnsdall Offers City Her Estate for Park". Daily News. December 7, 1923. p. 8. Retrieved January 11, 2025.
  75. ^ a b "Park Site Gift Is Formally Accepted". Los Angeles Evening Post-Record. December 8, 1923. p. 1. Retrieved January 13, 2025; "Barnsdall Estate Gift is Accepted". The Los Angeles Times. December 8, 1923. p. 17. Retrieved January 13, 2025.
  76. ^ a b Butler, Marjorie (December 13, 1923). "Olive Hill Belongs to You Now; Here's Picture of Gift and Giver". Los Angeles Evening Post-Record. p. 12. Retrieved January 13, 2025.
  77. ^ a b McClintock, Ruth (December 18, 1923). "Olive Hill's Owner Shuns Interviewer". Los Angeles Evening Express. p. 21. Retrieved January 13, 2025.
  78. ^ "Body to Accept Barnsdall Home Gift Appointed". The Los Angeles Times. December 13, 1923. p. 45. Retrieved January 11, 2025.
  79. ^ Marantos, Jeanette (August 3, 2019). "Want to see more of Frank Lloyd Wright's Hollyhock House? Now you can". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 10, 2019. Retrieved August 10, 2019.
  80. ^ a b c Castillo, Andrea (February 23, 2020). "Plaque marks Frank Lloyd Wright's Hollyhock House as L.A.'s first UNESCO World Heritage Site". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 23, 2020. Retrieved February 24, 2020.
  81. ^ Kudler, Adrian Glick (February 13, 2015). "Tour Frank Lloyd Wright's fully restored Hollyhock House". Curbed LA. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  82. ^ a b c Barrera, Sandra (February 9, 2015). "Frank Lloyd Wright's Hollyhock House reopens after three years of major restoration". Daily News. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  83. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Smith, Gordon (July 15, 2005). "Wright". Daily Breeze. p. K22. ProQuest 338708129.
  84. ^ a b National Park Service 2007, pp. 6–7.
  85. ^ a b c Hoffmann 2011, p. 109.
  86. ^ "Frank Lloyd Wright Left an L.A. Legacy". The Los Angeles Times. May 5, 1959. p. 52. Retrieved January 11, 2025.
  87. ^ Rourke, Mary (February 25, 2006). "Kenneth Ross, 95; L.A. Cultural Chief Helped Save Watts Towers and Restore Hollyhock House". Los Angeles Times. p. B15. ProQuest 422049537. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  88. ^ McLellan, Dennis (February 27, 2009). "Restoration architect helped found the L.A. Conservancy". The Los Angeles Times. p. 96. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  89. ^ a b c d e f g h Rabin, Jeffrey L. (April 10, 2000). "Hollyhock House Restoration Starts". Los Angeles Times. p. B4. ProQuest 421507438. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
  90. ^ a b c d e Eakin, Hugh (August 14, 2005). "Fixer-Uppers That Need Love and Concrete". The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  91. ^ a b Werner, Erica (April 9, 2000). "Wright's famed Hollyhock House to shut down for repairs". Desert Dispatch. Associated Press. pp. A6. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  92. ^ Rivera, Carla (May 26, 2001). "Restoration of Hollyhock House, Barnsdall Park to Begin". Los Angeles Times. p. B14R. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  93. ^ a b c d e f g h i Boehm, Mike (March 25, 2005). "Patched and polished, a Wright fixer-upper prepares to reopen". Los Angeles Times. p. E1. ProQuest 421998905. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
  94. ^ Boehm, Mike (February 28, 2003). "Renovation of Wright house may stall out". Los Angeles Times. pp. E1, E26. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  95. ^ a b Heffley, Lynne (June 6, 2005). "The Week Ahead; Hollyhock is ready for company". Los Angeles Times. p. E3. ISSN 0458-3035. ProQuest 421997297.
  96. ^ a b Wick, Julia (June 8, 2017). "Inside The Long-Closed Upstairs Of Frank Lloyd Wright's Famed Hollyhock House". LAist. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  97. ^ Preservation: The Magazine of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. Preservation: the magazine of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The Trust. 2005. p. 37. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
  98. ^ Brown, Janelle (June 16, 2006). "A Home to Its Owners, a Museum to Its Fans". The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  99. ^ "California Art Club Artists Return to the Hollyhock House for 'Paint-Out'". The Los Angeles Times. October 7, 2005. pp. A18, A19. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  100. ^ "Restoring Wright's Hollyhock House". The Los Angeles Times. March 27, 2007. p. 59. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  101. ^ a b c d Boehm, Mike (May 5, 2011). "Another nip-tuck for Hollyhock House". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  102. ^ Lubell, Sam (January 23, 2015). "Frank Lloyd Wright's Hollyhock House re-opening in Los Angeles after immaculate restoration". The Architect’s Newspaper. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  103. ^ Kudler, Adrian Glick (February 13, 2013). "FLW's Hollyhock Getting Major Restoration and Visitor's Center". Curbed LA. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  104. ^ Heet, Erika (February 11, 2015). "A Frank Lloyd Wright Gem in Los Angeles Reopens to the Public". Dwell. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  105. ^ Boone, Lisa (February 6, 2015). "Frank Lloyd Wright's Hollyhock House to reopen". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
  106. ^ Heet, Erika (February 11, 2015). "A Frank Lloyd Wright Gem in Los Angeles Reopens to the Public". Dwell. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
  107. ^ Lelyveld, Nita (February 14, 2015). "At Hollyhock House, thousands celebrate an architectural treasure". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 15, 2015.
  108. ^ Layman, Jakob N.; Juliano, Michael (February 14, 2015). "The Hollyhock House is open again for tours (SLIDE SHOW)". Time Out Los Angeles. Retrieved January 10, 2025; "Hollyhock House set to reopen for tourists Feb. 13". ABC7 Los Angeles. February 11, 2015. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  109. ^ Barragan, Bianca (March 17, 2017). "The Hollyhock House could soon get its own virtual reality tour". Curbed LA. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  110. ^ "Iconic Hollyhock House Is Getting a Virtual Reality Tour". NBC Los Angeles. August 20, 2018. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  111. ^ a b c d "Hollyhock House's Frank Lloyd Wright-crafted guest house restoration under way in Barnsdall Art Park". Daily News. December 17, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  112. ^ a b c Hickman, Matt (August 9, 2022). "Frank Lloyd Wright's Hollyhock House in L.A. set to resume public tours on August 18". The Architect’s Newspaper. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  113. ^ Cowan, Jill (December 28, 2019). "Hollyhock House blooming once more". The Toronto Star. p. 63. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  114. ^ Rainey, James (August 7, 2022). "Frank Lloyd Wright's Hollyhock House will soon reopen to the public". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  115. ^ a b c d e Lewis, Sallie (August 18, 2022). "Frank Lloyd Wright's Beloved Hollyhock House Reopens After Two Years". Dwell. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  116. ^ "LA's Historic Hollyhock House is Reopening in August So Get Ready". NBC Los Angeles. August 6, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  117. ^ a b Kornblatt, Izzy (August 18, 2022). "Frank Lloyd Wright's Hollyhock House Reopens to the Public". Architectural Record. Retrieved January 10, 2025; Kestenbaum, Abigail (September 1, 2022). "World Heritage Site Hollyhock House reopens : Larchmont Chronicle". Larchmont Chronicle. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  118. ^ a b Raimondi, Julie (March 2000). "Map of the stars". Contract Design. Vol. 42, no. 3. pp. 58–59. ProQuest 223777583.
  119. ^ a b Gibson, Eleanor (June 6, 2017). "Frank Lloyd Wright's Hollyhock House is one of the earliest examples of Mayan Revival architecture". Dezeen. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  120. ^ a b c "Famous architect has his designs on 6 more houses in L.A.". Daily Breeze. July 15, 2005. p. K22. ProQuest 338786577.
  121. ^ Amon, Rhoda (February 18, 2007). "Senior Travel, Never Too Old for a Hollywood Close-up". Newsday. p. D05. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 280140334.
  122. ^ National Park Service 2007, p. 15.
  123. ^ "Hollyhock House". Los Angeles Conservancy. August 16, 2024. Retrieved August 16, 2024.
  124. ^ a b McLaughlin, Katherine (January 12, 2024). "29 Frank Lloyd Wright Homes You Can Actually Visit". Architectural Digest. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  125. ^ "Hollyhock House". Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation. August 24, 2023. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  126. ^ a b Kapitanoff, Nancy (June 3, 1994). "Party in the Park A tour of Frank Lloyd Wright's Hollyhock House will commemorate the architect's 127th birthday". Los Angeles Times. p. 36. ISSN 0458-3035. ProQuest 282354890.
  127. ^ Cochran, Jason. "Frank Lloyd Wright's Glorious Hollyhock House, LA's First World Heritage Site". Frommer's Travel Guides. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  128. ^ a b National Park Service 2007, pp. 5–6.
  129. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "New Type of Architecture is Aline Barnsdall's Home". Los Angeles Evening Citizen News. September 2, 1921. p. 5. Retrieved January 12, 2025.
  130. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m National Park Service 2007, p. 5.
  131. ^ Daunt, Tina (December 25, 2003). "The Outdoor Room; It's a Backyard Heat Wave; Patio Fireplaces Let You Capture the Magic of a Campfire -- Without Leaving Home". Los Angeles Times. p. F10. ISSN 0458-3035. ProQuest 421872055. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  132. ^ a b c d e Levine 1997, p. 137.
  133. ^ a b c d Smith 1992, p. 79.
  134. ^ a b LSA Associates 2009, p. 24.
  135. ^ a b c d Levine 1997, p. 138.
  136. ^ a b c Brach 2022, p. 23.
  137. ^ Hart, Hugh (October 20, 2002). "Windows on modernism". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 421735900. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  138. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s National Park Service 2007, p. 6.
  139. ^ Brach 2022, p. 9.
  140. ^ a b c d e f g h National Park Service 2007, p. 8.
  141. ^ a b Levine 1997, p. 135.
  142. ^ a b c McCarter 1997, p. 129.
  143. ^ Brach 2022, p. 20.
  144. ^ a b c d e f Smith 1992, p. 78.
  145. ^ Brach 2022, p. 31.
  146. ^ a b Smith 1992, p. 77.
  147. ^ a b Roderick, Kevin (June 10, 2017). "Photos from inside Hollyhock House today". LA Observed. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
  148. ^ Smith 1992, pp. 77–78.
  149. ^ a b c d Brach 2022, p. 6.
  150. ^ a b c d Ta, Amy (August 4, 2022). "Frank Lloyd Wright's Hollyhock House unites fire, earth, air, water". KCRW. Retrieved January 12, 2025.
  151. ^ a b c d e f McCarter 1997, p. 132.
  152. ^ a b Brach 2022, p. 18.
  153. ^ a b LSA Associates 2009, p. 15.
  154. ^ Brach 2022, p. 19.
  155. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x National Park Service 2007, p. 7.
  156. ^ a b Brach 2022, p. 12.
  157. ^ Brach 2022, p. 13.
  158. ^ a b c Levine 1997, p. 142.
  159. ^ a b Brach 2022, p. 14.
  160. ^ a b Brach 2022, p. 24.
  161. ^ a b Brach 2022, p. 25.
  162. ^ a b Levine 1997, pp. 135–136.
  163. ^ Brach 2022, p. 8.
  164. ^ a b c Brach 2022, p. 10.
  165. ^ a b Brach 2022, p. 11.
  166. ^ a b c Brach 2022, p. 29.
  167. ^ Brach 2022, p. 30.
  168. ^ a b Brach 2022, p. 28.
  169. ^ a b c d Brach 2022, p. 32.
  170. ^ Brach 2022, p. 33.
  171. ^ a b c Brach 2022, p. 35.
  172. ^ a b National Park Service 2007, pp. 7–8.
  173. ^ a b Brach 2022, p. 36.
  174. ^ a b c Kudler, Adrian Glick (June 4, 2013). "A Guide to the Lesser-Known Modernist Ruins of Barnsdall Park". Curbed LA. Retrieved January 12, 2025.
  175. ^ Kapitanoff, Nancy (June 3, 1994). "Party in the Park A tour of Frank Lloyd Wright's Hollyhock House will commemorate the architect's 127th birthday". Los Angeles Times. p. 36. ISSN 0458-3035. ProQuest 282354890.
  176. ^ a b Sorrell 2009, p. 7.
  177. ^ a b c National Park Service 2007, pp. 10–11.
  178. ^ a b c National Park Service 2007, p. 10.
  179. ^ a b National Park Service 2007, p. 11.
  180. ^ a b c National Park Service 2007, pp. 9–10.
  181. ^ a b c d e National Park Service 2007, p. 9.
  182. ^ Smith 1992, p. 99.
  183. ^ a b c "New Residence Tract Opening". The Los Angeles Times. March 13, 1921. p. 80. Retrieved January 12, 2025.
  184. ^ a b Smith 1992, p. 105.
  185. ^ "Barnsdall Art Park Foundation". GuideStar Profile. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  186. ^ Boehm, Mike (May 20, 2004). "Funding shortfall hits Watts Towers". Los Angeles Times. p. E6. ProQuest 421902421. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  187. ^ "Hollyhock House Tours". Barnsdall Art Park. Retrieved December 24, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  188. ^ Ritz, Jessica (February 15, 2023). "Step Inside Frank Lloyd Wright's Hollyhock House, Which Just Received a Temporary Makeover". Architectural Digest. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  189. ^ Stromberg, Matt (March 13, 2023). "The Contentious History of Frank Lloyd Wright's First LA Home". Hyperallergic. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  190. ^ "The Public Gains". The Los Angeles Times. December 16, 1923. p. 112. Retrieved January 13, 2025.
  191. ^ LSA Associates 2009, p. 4.
  192. ^ Mitchell, Sean (December 27, 2008). "The best houses of all time in L.A." Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 27, 2008. Retrieved December 27, 2008.
  193. ^ Sorrell 2009, p. 8.
  194. ^ a b Evans, Murray (May 13, 2007). "Bartlesville,Okla., boasts landmark: Frank Lloyd Wright 19-story tower on national historic roster". The News Press. ProQuest 382428860.
  195. ^ "Frank Lloyd Wright buildings among new U.S. historic sites". The Record. April 14, 2007. p. W13. ProQuest 267198841.
  196. ^ "Interior Secretary Kempthorne Designates 12 National Historic Landmarks in 10 States". U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from the original on October 27, 2007. Retrieved May 12, 2008.
  197. ^ Hopey, Don (January 30, 2015). "Fallingwater one of 10 Wright structures nominated for World Heritage List". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. ISSN 2692-6903. Retrieved December 9, 2024.
  198. ^ "Ten Frank Lloyd Wright Buildings Nominated for UNESCO Distinction". Metropolis. May 17, 2022. Archived from the original on November 28, 2024. Retrieved November 28, 2024; Winston, Anna (February 3, 2015). "Frank Lloyd Wright buildings nominated for UNESCO World Heritage List". Dezeen. Archived from the original on July 2, 2024. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  199. ^ "The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  200. ^ Tareen, Sophia (July 8, 2019). "Guggenheim Museum Added to UNESCO World Heritage List". NBC New York. Archived from the original on July 8, 2019. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  201. ^ "UNESCO plaque unveiled at Lloyd Wright's Hollyhock House". AP News. February 24, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2025; Press, Associated (February 23, 2020). "UNESCO World Heritage Site Plaque Unveiled at Frank Lloyd Wright's Hollyhock House". NBC Los Angeles. Retrieved January 11, 2025.
  202. ^ Kinzer, Stephen (August 7, 2003). "A Jewel Courts a Better Setting". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 10, 2025.
  203. ^ Eastman, Janet (August 12, 2004). "Inner Life; the Door-to-door Connection; a Group of Angelenos Finds a Common Link: They Live in the Small, Distinctive Homes Designed by Little-known Modernist Architect Harwell Harris. It's a Real Icebreaker". Los Angeles Times. p. F8. ISSN 0458-3035. ProQuest 421888561.

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hollyhock House.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright.
This page will be placed in the following categories if it is moved to the article namespace.
Categories:
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Epicgenius/sandbox/draft4&oldid=1269107293"