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Mass deportation of illegal immigrants in the second presidency of Donald Trump

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For broader coverage of this topic, see Immigration policy of the second Donald Trump administration.

Mass deportation of illegal immigrants in the second presidency of Donald Trump
ICE agents detaining a man on January 26
DateJanuary 23, 2025 – present (2025-01-23 – present)
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The mass deportation of illegal immigrants in the second presidency of Donald Trump began in January 2025, following Trump's inauguration. On January 23, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement began to carry out raids on sanctuary cities, with hundreds of immigrants detained and deported. Trump had previously discussed mass deportations in his presidential campaigns and first presidency.

Background

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2016 campaign

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In August 2015, during his 2016 campaign, Trump proposed the mass deportation of illegal immigrants as a part of his immigration policy.[9][10][11] During his first town hall campaign meeting in Derry, New Hampshire, Trump said that if he were to win the election, then on "day 1 of my presidency, they're getting out and getting out fast."[12]

Trump proposed a "Deportation Force" to carry out this plan, modeled after the 1950s-era "Operation Wetback" program during the Eisenhower administration that ended following a congressional investigation.[10][11][13]

In June 2016, Trump stated on Twitter that "I have never liked the media term 'mass deportation'—but we must enforce the laws of the land!"[14][15] Later in June, Trump stated that he would not characterize his immigration policies as including "mass deportations".[16] However, on August 31, 2016, contrary to earlier reports of a "softening" in his stance,[17][18] Trump laid out a 10-step plan reaffirming his hardline positions. He reiterated that "anyone who has entered the United States illegally is subject to deportation" with priority given to those who have committed significant crimes and those who have overstayed visas. He noted that all those seeking legalization would have to go home and re-enter the country legally.[19]

First presidency (2017–2021)

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Further information: Immigration policy of the first Donald Trump administration

During Donald Trump’s first presidency the number of undocumented immigrants deported decreased drastically.[20] While under Trump's presidency, U.S. Immigration Customs Enforcement conducted hundreds of raids in workspaces and sent removal orders to families, they did not deport as many immigrants as were deported under Obama's presidency. In Obama's first three years in office, around 1.18 million people were deported, while around 800,000 deportations took place under Trump in his three years of presidency.[20] In the final year of his presidency Trump deported an additional 186,000 immigrants, bringing his total to just under 1 million for his full presidency.[21]

Biden presidency (2021–2025)

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During the Biden Administration, the number of illegal immigrants coming into the US increased dramatically. The total number of people who tried to enter during the Biden term was calculated to be 7.2 million people, a finding rated as "true" by the noted fact-checking website, Snopes.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28] The Snopes article stated: "U.S. Border Patrol agents and Office of Field Operations officials recorded encounters with more than 7.2 million migrants who attempted to cross the Southwest border between the time Biden assumed office and the end of January 2024."[26]

Republicans cited 64 actions by Biden, including revoking existing policies, which allowed the border crisis. Many independent news outlets confirmed there was a dramatic increase. The Christian Science Monitor noted, "Overall, illegal crossings have increased significantly during the Biden administration, but some Republicans are overestimating the net influx of unauthorized migrants."[29]

CBS News reported that migrant crossings reached record levels in September 2023. [30] The mayor of Eagle Pass, Texas, declared an emergency based on the number of migrants arriving every day. [30]

In December 2023, Rep. Mark E. Green (R-TN) , the Chair of the House Committee on Homeland Security Chairman, stated that the number of individuals caught by federal law enforcement who were on the terrorist watchlist had "increased 2,500 percent from Fiscal Years 2017-2020 to Fiscal Year 2023. And those are only who we’ve caught,”[31]

In June 2024, Biden announced an executive order that stated the Administration would "consider" shutting the border if crossings went above 2,500 per day. Many public officials criticized this proposed measure, as still allowing a large influx.[32]

In July 2024, Reuters claimed that Biden was deporting more illegal immigrants than Trump had, an assertion which some analysts labeled as false.[33]

2024 campaign

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The New York Times reported that Trump planned "an extreme expansion of his first-term crackdown on immigration", including "preparing to round up undocumented people already in the United States on a vast scale and detain them in sprawling camps while they wait to be expelled", and that it "amounts to an assault on immigration on a scale unseen in modern American history". The New York Times also reported that Trump's advisors are preparing a 'blitz' strategy designed to overwhelm immigrant-rights lawyers, and that his plans would rely on existing statutes without the need for new legislation, although such legislation would also likely be attempted. Trump's plans are expected to encounter significant Supreme Court challenges, and engender social and economic toil, especially within the housing, agriculture, and service sectors.[34]

During rallies, Trump has blurred the distinction between legal and illegal immigrants, and has promised to deport both.[35][36]

Trump has stated he will deport between 15 and 20 million people, although the estimated number of undocumented immigrants is only 11 million.[37] The American Immigration Council says that a "highly conservative" estimate Trump's plan would cost at least $315 billion, or $967.9 billion over a decade and be unworkable without massive outdoor detention camps. Economic reports from the Brookings Institution and Peterson Institute for International Economics have found that Trump's plans would result in a decrease in employment for American-born workers and result in "no economic growth over the second Trump administration from this policy alone"[38] while other estimates have it shrinking GDP by 4.2-6.8 percent.[39]

Trump has also not ruled out separating families with mixed citizenship status.[40] This could affect millions of families, with most undocumented immigrants having lived in the US for more than 16 years.[41]

Trump has stated that his plan would follow the 'Eisenhower model,' a reference to the 1954 campaign Operation Wetback, stating to a crowd in Iowa: "Following the Eisenhower model, we will carry out the largest domestic deportation operation in American history." To achieve the goal of deporting millions per year, Trump has stated his intent to expand a form of deportation that does not require due process hearings which would be accomplished by the expedited removal authorities of 8 U.S. Code § 1225; invoking the Alien Enemies Act within the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798; and invoking the Insurrection Act of 1807 to allow the military to apprehend migrants and thus bypass the Posse Comitatus Act.[34]

Trump would reassign federal agents to Immigrations and Customs Enforcement and deputize local police officers and sheriffs, agents of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, the Drug Enforcement Administration, and National Guard soldiers volunteered by Republican-run states.[42][34]

Individuals would be placed in massive camps constructed with funds redirected from the military budget in case of any refusal by Congress to appropriate funding. ICE raids would be expanded to include workplace raids and sweeps in public places. Following arrest, Stephen Miller has stated that immigrants would be taken to "large-scale staging grounds near the border, most likely in Texas" to be held in internment camps prior to deportation. Trump told a rally audience in September 2024 that the deportation effort "will be a bloody story." He has also spoken of rounding up homeless people in blue cities and detaining them in camps.[42][43] The Trump team will also attempt to overturn the Flores settlement that prevents the indefinite holding of children.[34]

Trump has pledged to finish the wall on the southern border if elected.

Trump has promised to reinstate his ban on entry to individuals from certain Muslim-majority nations, and having the Centers for Disease Control reimpose COVID-era restrictions on asylum claims by asserting migrants carry infectious diseases such as the flu, tuberculosis, and scabies.[34] Trump has said he would build more of the border wall, and move thousands of troops currently stationed overseas to the southern border.[44]

Other proposals include: Revoking temporary protected status to individuals living in the United States, including Afghans who moved to America following the 2021 Taliban takeover of Afghanistan, while those who helped U.S. forces would be 're-vetted' to see if they really did; ending birthright citizenship for babies born in the United States to undocumented parents; using coercive diplomacy by making immigration cooperation a condition for any bilateral engagement; reinstating 'Remain in Mexico'; and reviving 'safe third country' status with several nations in Central America, and expanding them to Africa, Asia, and South America.[34][45]

Trump's campaign has stated his intention to expel DACA recipients after his previous attempt failed in 2020 by a 5–4 vote in the Supreme Court in Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California. Trump's campaign has not stated whether they will reinstate Trump's former child separation policies.[34]

In October 2024, Trump proposed a plan for recruiting and retaining U.S. Customs and Border Protection agents; his plan included a 10 percent wage increase for the agents, $10,000 retention and signing bonuses, and hiring 10,000 new agents.[46]

Arrests and deportations

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Trump administration positions and policies

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Tom Homan, Trump's border czar

Following his victory in the 2024 United States presidential election Trump said that he had "no choice" but to commence the mass deportation upon his assumption to power in 2025.[47] Regarding the financial costs, Trump said "When people have killed and murdered, when drug lords have destroyed countries and now they're going to go back to those countries because they're not staying here. There is no price tag".[47]

The former Acting Director of the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement under Trump from January 2017 to June 2018, Tom Homan, said that he would "run the biggest deportation force this country has ever seen" in 2025.[48] In November 2024, Homan proposed cutting federal funding from states that do not comply with deportation plans.[49]

Following Trump's 2024 election victory, the stock price of private prison companies increased significantly, with GEO Group's CEO calling Trump's second presidency an "unprecedented opportunity" during an earnings call.[50][51] As of January 2020, 81% of people detained by ICE were held in private prisons, with ICE contracts accounting for 30% of revenue at CoreCivic and GEO Group.[52][53]

In late January 2025, Huffman sent out a memo stating that migrants admitted temporarily by the Biden Administration could be removed. [54]

Implementation actions

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The cities listed as targets for deportations included Chicago, New York City, Miami, Denver, and Los Angeles.[55]

The Republican governors of Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Ohio, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wyoming "remain fully committed to supporting the Trump Administration's efforts to deport dangerous criminals".[56][57]

On January 22, it was announced the administration was rolling back an Obama era directive that had protected immigrants in sensitive areas such as hospitals, places of worship, courtrooms, funerals, weddings and schools. An official making the announcement stated that the Trump administration was not looking to tie the hands of law enforcement.[58][59]

On January 23, high-profile ICE raids occurred in Boston, Denver, Philadelphia, Atlanta, Seattle, Miami, Washington DC, New York City, and Newark, detaining 538 undocumented immigrants. The mayor of Newark claimed that ICE raided a local establishment and detained undocumented immigrants as well as citizens, including a veteran without a warrant.[60][61][62]

Hundreds of illegal immigrants were flown out of the US by military aircraft. A White House statement said that "The Trump Administration arrested 538 illegal immigrant criminals including a suspected terrorist, four members of the Tren de Aragua gang, and several illegals convicted of sex crimes against minors."[63] A defense official also stated that two deportation flights, both to Guatemala, were flown out that same night with reportedly 81 deportees. Guatemalan officials later claimed that the numbers reported were off and the flights carried only 79 individuals.[63]

In January 2025, the Dept of Homeland Security (DHS) authorized federal law enforcement personnel from numerous federal agencies to assist in carrying out Trump immigration policies. A memo from acting Homeland Security Secretary Benjamine Huffman provided "the functions of an immigration officer" to several law enforcement agencies within the Justice Department, including the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, and the U.S. Marshals Service. The memo, addressed to acting attorney general James McHenry, noted that FBI agents have a role for arrests related to immigration, known as Title 8 authority; this authority was now conferred onto other agencies.[64]

In January 2025, news outlets noted that in 35% of immigration cases, the defendants did not appear, even if there was an order for their deportation. About 3.5 million immigration cases were pending at the end of the year in 2024.[65]

Flights

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The United States cannot unilaterally send deportation flights to other countries, there must be an established agreement with each nation to accept the deportation flights, and they must have diplomatic ties. Some countries have largely refused to accept these flights such as China and Cuba or the US has no diplomatic ties such as Venezuela. ICE has historically utilized handcuffs and chains to return deportees, which is stated to be a protection measure, however since the start of the 2025 deportation flights multiple countries have raised issue with the use of handcuffs and chains.[66]

On January 23, 2025 Mexico denied a United States military plane the ability to land, causing the plane to never take off while two others bound for Guatemala did. Later that week White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt tweeted that Mexico accepted four deportation flights in one day from the Ice Air Operations and government chartered flights.[67]

On January 26, 2025 Columbian President Gustavo Petro barred two United States military planes carrying deported Columbian nationals from landing in the country for a short period of time. Trump and Petro both threatened the other with tariffs before the White House announced later that day that Columbia had agreed to allow the planes to land and those on the planes.[68]

Indigenous people

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On January 23, tribal leaders of the Navajo Nation in Arizona reported that they have received calls and text messages from Navajo people living in urban areas who have been stopped, questioned or detained by ICE, prompting a detailed discussion of the topic during a Naabik’íyáti’ Committee meeting. State Senator Theresa Hatathlie, who represents Arizona's 6th legislative district, joined the committee meeting and shared her report in the Navajo language. Hatathlie reported to the Council that she received a call about a case involving eight Navajo citizens who were detained for hours with no cell phones or ability to contact their families or tribes.

April Ignacio, co-founder of Indivisible Tohono, grew up and lives on the Tohono Oʼodham Nation, whose tribal lands are on both sides of the Arizona-Mexico border and where U.S. Customs and Border Protection has had a presence for decades. Ignacio said that the Trump administration’s new policies are taking aim at tribal communities in new and shocking ways, which will draw attention to them and spur tribal responses. After a federal judge in Seattle temporarily blocked Trump's executive order to end birthright citizenship, the United States Department of Justice, in defense of the constitutionality of the executive order, argued in court that Native Americans did not have birthright citizenship under the Fourteenth Amendment because they were not “subject to the jurisdiction” of the United States, so neither should the children of non-citizen immigrants.[69]

Impact

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Shortly after Trump took office in January 2025, rumors of mass deportations and fears of increased ICE raids impacted the agriculture sector with massive drops in field workers who showed up for work the day after the inauguration.[58]

Some school districts such as in California, New York, Georgia and Illinois have already issued sweeping directives stating that district teachers, officials and administration were not to comply with ICE officials, or allow them on school grounds, unless they were presented with a valid court issued warrant.[59] Several schools reportedly had parents and guardians of students calling shortly after the inauguration about concerns of ICE agents being able access school grounds.[70]

Economic

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The American Immigration Council estimated the cost of conducting a million deportations at $967.9bn in federal government spending over a decade.[71] After it was announced that Trump was utilizing military planes to deport individuals, it was estimated that each flight cost over $850,000. Each of the recent deportation flights had about 80 people on board.[72]

Construction, manufacturing, agriculture, service, and childcare are among the sectors that employ large numbers of undocumented immigrants.[73][74][75][76] Adam Tooze said that the planned deportations would cause "a series of rolling shocks to a large part of the U.S. economy" and would also affect people outside those sectors by raising prices.[74] Manuel Cunha Jr., the president of the Nisei Farmers League in California, said that "you wouldn't eat. ... The country will stop, literally stop because the food system won't move."[77] Lack of childcare would prompt some people to leave the workforce.[76]

Statistics

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Deportations
Day Deportations (% change from prior Day)
January 23
TBD
January 24
TBD(+)
January 25
TBD(+)
January 26
TBD(+)

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ [1][2][3][4]
  2. ^ [5][6][7][8]

References

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  1. ^ "Enforcement Update". x.com. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
  2. ^ "Enforcement Update". x.com. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
  3. ^ "Enforcement Update". x.com. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
  4. ^ "Enforcement Update". x.com. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
  5. ^ "Enforcement Update". x.com. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
  6. ^ "Enforcement Update". x.com. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
  7. ^ "Enforcement Update". x.com. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
  8. ^ "Enforcement Update". x.com. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
  9. ^ Nick Gass, "Trump's immigration plan: Mass deportation" Archived February 11, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Politico (August 17, 2015).
  10. ^ a b Kelley Beaucar Vlahos, "Messy legal process could challenge Trump's mass deportation plan", Fox News (November 27, 2015).
  11. ^ a b Kate Linthicum, "The dark, complex history of Trump's model for his mass deportation plan" Archived January 25, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Los Angeles Times (November 13, 2015).
  12. ^ "Donald Trump emphasizes plans to build 'real' wall at Mexico border". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. August 19, 2015. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2015.
  13. ^ Jim Avila & Serena Marshall, "Donald Trump Models 'Deportation Force' After Inhumane Eisenhower Plan, Scholar Says" Archived March 12, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, ABC News (November 11, 2015).
  14. ^ Reinhard, Beth (June 29, 2016). "Donald Trump Adjusts Some of His Positions". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
  15. ^ "Donald J. Trump on Twitter". Twitter. June 25, 2016. Archived from the original on July 1, 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
  16. ^ Cirilli, Kevin. "Trump Says Muslim Ban Plan to Focus on 'Terrorist' Countries". Bloomberg Politics. Archived from the original on July 9, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
  17. ^ Miller, Zeke J. (August 23, 2016). "Donald Trump Signals 'Softening' of Immigration Position". Time. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
  18. ^ Bradner, Eric (August 28, 2016). "Trump to give immigration speech amid major questions". CNN. Archived from the original on December 1, 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
  19. ^ "Donald Trump Pivots Back to Hard-Line Immigration Stance". Time. August 31, 2016. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
  20. ^ a b Budryk, Zack (November 18, 2019). "Deportations lower under Trump administration than Obama: report". The Hill. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
  21. ^ Hackman, Michelle (December 30, 2022). "Arrests, Deportations of Immigrants Illegally in U.S. Increased in 2022; ICE's arrest and deportation numbers under Biden remain below the levels from Trump and Obama administrations". The Wall Street Journal. p. 1. ProQuest 2759315302. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
  22. ^ Biden's Border Bust Official document of House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, and House Committee on Homeland Security
  23. ^ How many migrants have crossed the US border illegally?, 29 September 2024, by Lucy Gilder, BBC.
  24. ^ [https://homeland.house.gov/2024/05/22/startling-stats-factsheet-biden-administration-on-track-to-reach-10-million-encounters-nationwide-before-end-of-fiscal-year/ STARTLING STATS FACTSHEET: Biden Administration on Track to Reach 10 Million Encounters Nationwide Before End of Fiscal Year, May 22, 2024, House Committee on Homeland Security.
  25. ^ 7.2M illegals entered the US under Biden admin, an amount greater than population of 36 statesThe total number of illegal immigrants who have entered the US under President Biden is larger than almost every American city. By Chris Pandolfo Fox News, Published February 20, 2024.
  26. ^ a b Snopes rating as TRUE: 7.2M Migrants Have Illegally Crossed US Border Under Biden, Exceeding the Populations of 36 States? The immigration statistics were shared on X and originated in an article that was published by Fox News.Jordan Liles Published Feb. 22, 2024.
  27. ^ The Biden Border Crisis, official website of US Senator John Cornyn.
  28. ^ Matthews: Illegal immigrants double under Biden — and that’s just the start by Merrill Matthews, opinion contributor - 01/23/24, The Hill.
  29. ^ How Biden and Trump compare on border crossings and immigration, By Christa Case Bryant and Caitlin Babcock April 16, 2024, Christian Science Monitor.
  30. ^ a b Migrant crossings soar to near-record levels, testing Biden's border strategy, by Camilo Montoya-Galvez, September 21, 2023, CBS News.
  31. ^ Border Sector Chiefs Confirm Operational Impacts of Border Chaos: Increased Gotaways, Closed Checkpoints, and Empowered Cartels, December 20, 2023 official website of House Committee on Homeland Security.
  32. ^ https://norman.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=1897 Biden's Sham Executive Order, Washington, D.C., June 5, 2024, official website of US Rep. Ralph Norman.
  33. ^ Fact Check: Reuters Is Wrong — Biden Is Not Deporting More Illegal Aliens than Trump. Conflating “returns” and “removals” is a trick that Obama pulled too. By Jon Feere on July 10, 2024, Center for Immigration Studies.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g Charlie Savage; Maggie Haberman; Jonathan Swan (November 11, 2023). "Sweeping Raids, Giant Camps and Mass Deportations: Inside Trump's 2025 Immigration Plans". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 25, 2024. Retrieved November 11, 2023. (subscription required)
  35. ^ Oliphant, James (October 4, 2024). "Trump's already harsh rhetoric on migrants is turning darker as Election Day nears". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 5, 2024. Retrieved October 5, 2024.
  36. ^ Phifer, Donica (October 3, 2024). "Trump floats deporting legal Haitian migrants living in Ohio". Axios. Archived from the original on October 5, 2024. Retrieved October 5, 2024.
  37. ^ Garsd, Jasmine (October 2, 2024). "Vance leaves the cat and dog claims behind as he battles Walz over immigration". NPR. Archived from the original on October 7, 2024. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  38. ^ Sheeler, Andrew (October 2, 2024). "A Donald Trump mass deportation of immigrants would cost hundreds of billions, report says". Sacramento Bee. Archived from the original on October 2, 2024. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
  39. ^ Tomasky, Michael (October 14, 2024). "The Media Has Three Weeks to Learn How to Tell the Truth About Trump". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved October 29, 2024.
  40. ^ "Trump says he will make 'provisions' for mixed-status families but doesn't rule out separations with mass deportations". NBC News. August 22, 2024. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  41. ^ "How many U.S. families could be affected by Trump's vows to do mass deportations?". NBC News. May 2, 2024. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  42. ^ a b Brownstein, Ronald (February 8, 2024). "Trump's 'Knock on the Door'". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on February 10, 2024. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
  43. ^ Graziosi, Graig (September 8, 2024). "Trump says his plan to expel millions of immigrants will be a 'bloody story'". The Independent. Archived from the original on September 15, 2024. Retrieved September 15, 2024.
  44. ^ Colvin, Jill (November 12, 2023). "Trump's plans if he returns to the White House include deportation raids, tariffs and mass firings". AP News. Archived from the original on December 10, 2023. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
  45. ^ Oliphant, James; Slattery, Gram (April 24, 2024). "Trump's second-term agenda: deportations, trade wars, drug dealer death penalty". Reuters. Archived from the original on December 5, 2023. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
  46. ^ Treene, Alayna; Veronica, Veronica (October 14, 2024). "Trump vows to hire more Border Patrol agents and increase pay | CNN Politics". CNN. Retrieved January 24, 2025.
  47. ^ a b Welker, Kristen; Marquez, Alexandra (November 7, 2024). "Trump says there's 'no price tag' for his mass deportation plan". NBC New York. Retrieved November 7, 2024.
  48. ^ Strickler, Laura; Martinez, Didi; Atkins, Chloe; Ainsley, Julia (July 16, 2024). "How would mass deportation of migrants under Trump actually work?". NBC News. Retrieved November 7, 2024.
  49. ^ Ramirez, Nikki McCann (November 25, 2024). "Trump Border Czar: States That Don't 'Cooperate' With Deportations Will See Funding Cut". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
  50. ^ Liu, Nicholas (November 8, 2024). ""Unprecedented opportunity": For-profit prison execs salivate at potential mass deportation camps". Salon. Retrieved November 8, 2024.
  51. ^ Dennis, Steven (November 7, 2024). "Private Prison Stocks Soar After Trump Win on Deportation Plans". Bloomberg. Retrieved November 8, 2024.
  52. ^ Cerullo, Megan (November 7, 2024). "Could prison companies get a boost from Trump's immigration policies?". CBS News. Retrieved November 8, 2024.
  53. ^ Hetzner, Christiaan. "Trump's election win sends private prisons stocks soaring as investors anticipate hard crackdown on migration". Fortune. Retrieved November 8, 2024.
  54. ^ Migrants allowed in temporarily under Biden programs can be removed: DHS memo. Migrants from Haiti, Cuba, Nicaragua and Venezuela could be quickly expelled. By Luke Barr, January 24, 2025.
  55. ^ "Trump illegal migrant arrests to start on day one". bbc.com. BBC. Retrieved January 21, 2025.
  56. ^ "Republican Governors Join to Support President Trump's Immigration Policies". rga.org. Republican Governors Association. Retrieved January 21, 2025.
  57. ^ "How cities across the US are preparing for Trump's immigration crackdown". CNN. Retrieved January 21, 2025.
  58. ^ a b Houghtaling, Ellie Quinlan (January 22, 2025). "Trump's Immigration Plans Are Already Wrecking the Food Industry". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  59. ^ a b Santana, Rebecca (January 21, 2025). "Trump administration throws out policies limiting migrant arrests at sensitive spots like churches". Associated Press. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  60. ^ "NJ mayor slams 'egregious' ICE raid: 'Newark will not stand by idly'". thehill.com. The Hill. Retrieved January 24, 2025.
  61. ^ "ICE agents arrest hundreds of migrants in sanctuary cities, including New York City". abc7ny.com. ABC 7 NY. Retrieved January 24, 2025.
  62. ^ "ICE raids establishment in Newark, detains undocumented residents". northjersey.com. northjersey.com. Retrieved January 24, 2025.
  63. ^ a b "Hundreds of "illegal immigrant criminals" arrested, hundreds more flown out of U.S. by military, White House says - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. January 24, 2025. Retrieved January 24, 2025.
  64. ^ DHS authorizes federal law enforcement to implement Trump's immigration policies, By Nicole Sganga, Robert Legare, January 23, 2025, CBS News.
  65. ^ Trump promised mass deportations. Here’s one way they could quietly happen.The new administration could use the existing system of federal agents, local police and jails to funnel more people into the deportation pipeline. By Uriel J. García and Alejandro Serrano, Jan. 17, 2025, Texas Tribune.
  66. ^ Villagran, Lauren (January 26, 2025). "As countries push back on deportations, Trump trades words, threats". USA TODAY. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
  67. ^ Kube, Courtney; Allen, Jonathan (January 25, 2025). "Mexico refuses to accept a U.S. deportation flight". NBC News. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
  68. ^ Buschschlüter, Vanessa; Aikman, Ian (January 27, 2025). "Colombia backs down on deportation flights after Trump tariffs threat". www.bbc.com. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
  69. ^ Silversmith, Shondin (January 24, 2025). "Reports of Navajo people being detained in immigration sweeps sparks concern from tribal leaders". Retrieved January 25, 2025.
  70. ^ Rodriguez, Olga; Balingit, Moriah; Vaquez Toness, Bianca; Gecker, Jocelyn (January 22, 2025). "Trump won't ban immigration arrests at school. Some families are now weighing school attendance". AP News. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
  71. ^ Robles, Justo (November 7, 2024). "Fear in undocumented communities over Trump's mass deportation threats". The Guardian. Retrieved November 8, 2024.
  72. ^ "Trump's first deportation flights with average of just 80 migrants cost up to $852,000 per trip". www.msn.com. January 24, 2025. Retrieved January 26, 2025.
  73. ^ "Trump's deportation vow alarms Texas construction industry". NPR. November 23, 2024.
  74. ^ a b Abadi, Cameron; Tooze, Adam (November 18, 2024). "The Economic Impact of Trump's Planned Tariffs and Deportations". Foreign Policy. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
  75. ^ Rahman, Billal (November 18, 2024). "Donald Trump's deportation plan causes 'panic' among farmers". Newsweek. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
  76. ^ a b Mello-Klein, Cody (November 18, 2024). "Mass deportations are a day one priority for Trump. Economists explain how it could lead to a recession". Northeastern Global News. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
  77. ^ Hutzler, Alexandra (November 18, 2024). "Trump confirms plan to declare national emergency, use military for mass deportations". ABC News. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
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